Die Zeit um 1900 brachte eine neue, globalisierte Welt hervor. Telegrafie und Telefon ermöglichten die schnellere Verbreitung von Neuigkeiten, was zu einer „Gleichzeitigkeit“ zwischen Geschehenem und Berichterstattung in den Medien führte. Genau andersrum funktionierte die Unterhaltungsbranche. Kino und Grammophon ermöglichten es erstmals einem größeren Publikum Geschehenes zu speichern und „ungleichzeitig“ zu konsumieren. Wirtschaft und Handel waren auf einem nie vorher gesehenen Niveau angelangt und weltweit verstrickt. Freud und Nietzsche brachten in Medizin und Philosophie neue Perspektiven ein, die zwar nicht von der breiten Masse, dank der neuen Möglichkeiten aber immer größer werdenden Publikum rezipiert wurden. Robert Musil, Stefan Zweig, Klimt, Kokoschka, Schiele, Mahler, Wagner, Schönberg und Freud prägen ein nostalgisches Bild Wiens und Österreichs dieser Zeit im Ausland bis heute. Innsbruck war nicht Wien und das

Innsbruck was not Vienna and that Fin de Siecle was not as celebrated in Tyrol as it was in Paris, but the bourgeoisie of the Alpine region was influenced by the European one. While nations were increasingly moving away from each other politically, architecture in many European cities was converging. The new bourgeois elites in Buenos Aires, Madrid, London, New York and Vienna had discovered historicism for themselves. Innsbruck was no exception. You can experience a little of the flair of this period around Claudiaplatz.

This city centre roundabout, which was named after Claudia de Medici, is one of many examples of the architecture of the Belle Epoque und bildet bis heute so etwas wie das Zentrum des Stadtteils Saggen. Er grenzt den „Villensaggen" in the north-west of the "Blocksaggen“ mit den Mietshäusern im Osten des Stadtteils ab. Nicht nur architektonisch, auch sozial bildete der Claudiaplatz schon immer eine Art Grenze. Während sich in den Wohnblöcken des Blocksaggen While small employees settled in the neighbourhood, the upper middle classes resided in the villas.

The colonisation of Saggen using the example of Claudiaplatz is an example of Innsbruck's property industry and speculation, which began early on. Claudiaplatz 1 and 2 and Elisabethstraße number 11 were built from 1898 by the German "Property developer" Reinhold Boos financed the project. He had the stately residences with up to seven flats built for a wealthy clientele. The magnificent houses have a trapezoidal floor plan and are charmingly decorated with bay windows and exuberant ornamentation. Even the staircases, which were built in the Wilhelminian era, were small works of art and were intended to set the mood for the flats and the ambience.

Five streets lead into the Claudiaplatz roundabout. To the west of the square, Elisabethstraße leads into the residential neighbourhood, while Kaiser-Franz-Josef-Straße, with its charming green central strip, is lined with larger residential buildings that are also worth seeing. The house at Conradstraße 6, just a few metres from Claudiaplatz, is particularly noteworthy. The quarry owner Josef Leutsch had the architect Josef Mayr design this Art Nouveau-style house for him. Claudiastrasse leads into the square opposite. The colourful houses in this row are a popular photo motif from the square's roundabout. The milieu in this part of Innsbruck, consisting of academics and freelancers who were attracted to it, has to a certain extent remained dynastic to this day.

The year 1848 occupies a mythical place in European history. Although the hotspots were not to be found in secluded Tyrol, but in the major metropolises such as Paris, Vienna, Budapest, Milan and Berlin, even in the Holy Land however, the revolutionary year left its mark. In contrast to the rural surroundings, an enlightened educated middle class had developed in Innsbruck. Enlightened people no longer wanted to be subjects of a monarch or sovereign, but citizens with rights and duties towards the state. Students and freelancers demanded political participation, freedom of the press and civil rights. Workers demanded better wages and working conditions. Radical liberals and nationalists in particular even questioned the omnipotence of the church.

In March 1848, this socially and politically highly explosive mixture erupted in riots in many European cities. In Innsbruck, students and professors celebrated the newly enacted freedom of the press with a torchlight procession. On the whole, however, the revolution proceeded calmly in the leisurely Tyrol. It would be foolhardy to speak of a spontaneous outburst of emotion; the date of the procession was postponed from 20 to 21 March due to bad weather. There were hardly any anti-Habsburg riots or attacks; a stray stone thrown into a Jesuit window was one of the highlights of the Alpine version of the 1848 revolution. The students even helped the city magistrate to monitor public order in order to show their gratitude to the monarch for the newly granted freedoms and their loyalty.

The initial enthusiasm for bourgeois achievements was quickly replaced by German nationalist, patriotic fervour in Innsbruck. On 6 April 1848, the German flag was waved by the governor of Tyrol during a ceremonial procession. A German flag was also raised on the city tower. Tricolour was hoisted. While students, workers, liberal-nationalist-minded citizens, republicans, supporters of a constitutional monarchy and Catholic conservatives disagreed on social issues such as freedom of the press, they shared a dislike of the Italian independence movement that had spread from Piedmont and Milan to northern Italy. Innsbruck students and marksmen marched to Trentino with the support of the k.k. The Innsbruck students and riflemen moved into Trentino to nip the unrest and uprisings in the bud. Well-known members of this corps were Father Haspinger, who had already fought with Andreas Hofer in 1809, and Adolf Pichler.

The city of Innsbruck, as the political and economic centre of the multinational crown land of Tyrol and home to many Italian speakers, also became the arena of this nationality conflict. Combined with copious amounts of alcohol, anti-Italian sentiment in Innsbruck posed more of a threat to public order than civil liberties. A quarrel between a German-speaking craftsman and an Italian-speaking Ladin got so heated that it almost led to a pogrom against the numerous businesses and restaurants owned by Italian-speaking Tyroleans.

The relative tranquillity of Innsbruck suited the imperial house, which was under pressure. When things did not stop boiling in Vienna even after March, Emperor Ferdinand fled to Tyrol in May. According to press reports from this time, he was received enthusiastically by the population.

"Wie heißt das Land, dem solche Ehre zu Theil wird, wer ist das Volk, das ein solches Vertrauen genießt in dieser verhängnißvollen Zeit? Stützt sich die Ruhe und Sicherheit hier bloß auf die Sage aus alter Zeit, oder liegt auch in der Gegenwart ein Grund, auf dem man bauen kann, den der Wind nicht weg bläst, und der Sturm nicht erschüttert? Dieses Alipenland heißt Tirol, gefällts dir wohl? Ja, das tirolische Volk allein bewährt in der Mitte des aufgewühlten Europa die Ehrfurcht und Treue, den Muth und die Kraft für sein angestammtes Regentenhaus, während ringsum Auflehnung, Widerspruch. Trotz und Forderung, häufig sogar Aufruhr und Umsturz toben; Tirol allein hält fest ohne Wanken an Sitte und Gehorsam, auf Religion, Wahrheit und Recht, während anderwärts die Frechheit und Lüge, der Wahnsinn und die Leidenschaften herrschen anstatt folgen wollen. Und während im großen Kaiserreiche sich die Bande überall lockern, oder gar zu lösen drohen; wo die Willkühr, von den Begierden getrieben, Gesetze umstürzt, offenen Aufruhr predigt, täglich mit neuen Forderungen losgeht; eigenmächtig ephemere- wie das Wetter wechselnde Einrichtungen schafft; während Wien, die alte sonst so friedliche Kaiserstadt, sich von der erhitzten Phantasie der Jugend lenken und gängeln läßt, und die Räthe des Reichs auf eine schmähliche Weise behandelt, nach Laune beliebig, und mit jakobinischer Anmaßung, über alle Provinzen verfügend, absetzt und anstellt, ja sogar ohne Ehrfurcht, den Kaiaer mit Sturm-Petitionen verfolgt; während jetzt von allen Seiten her Deputationen mit Ergebenheits-Addressen mit Bittgesuchen und Loyalitätsversicherungen dem Kaiser nach Innsbruck folgen, steht Tirol ganz ruhig, gleich einer stillen Insel, mitten im brausenden Meeressturme, und des kleinen Völkchens treue Brust bildet, wie seine Berge und Felsen, eine feste Mauer in Gesetz und Ordnung, für den Kaiser und das Vaterland."

In June, Franz Josef also stopped off at the Hofburg on his way back from the battlefields of northern Italy instead of travelling directly to Vienna. Innsbruck was once again the royal seat, if only for one summer.

In the same year, Ferdinand handed over the throne to Franz Josef I. In July 1848, the first parliamentary session was held in the Court Riding School in Vienna. A first constitution was enacted. However, the monarchy's desire for reform quickly waned. The new parliament was an imperial council, it could not pass any binding laws, the emperor never attended it during his lifetime and did not understand why the Danube Monarchy, as a divinely appointed monarchy, needed this council.

Nevertheless, the liberalisation that had been gently set in motion took its course in the cities. Innsbruck was given the status of a town with its own statute. Innsbruck's municipal law provided for a right of citizenship that was linked to ownership or the payment of taxes, but legally guaranteed certain rights to members of the community. Birthright citizenship could be acquired by birth, marriage or extraordinary conferment and at least gave male adults the right to vote at municipal level. If you got into financial difficulties, you had the right to basic support from the town.

On 2 June 1848, the first issue of the liberal and Greater German-minded Innsbrucker Zeitungfrom which the above article on the emperor's arrival in Innsbruck is taken. Conservatives, on the other hand, read the Volksblatt for Tyrol and Vorarlberg. Moderate readers who favoured a constitutional monarchy preferred to consume the Bothen for Tyrol and Vorarlberg. However, the freedom of the press soon came to an end. The previously abolished censorship was reintroduced in parts. Newspaper publishers had to undergo some harassment by the authorities. Newspapers were not allowed to write against the state government, monarchy or church.

"Anyone who, by means of printed matter, incites, instigates or attempts to incite others to take action which would bring about the violent separation of a part from the unified state... of the Austrian Empire... or the general Austrian Imperial Diet or the provincial assemblies of the individual crown lands.... Imperial Diet or the Diet of the individual Crown Lands... violently disrupts... shall be punished with severe imprisonment of two to ten years."

After Innsbruck officially replaced Meran as the provincial capital in 1849 and thus finally became the political centre of Tyrol, political parties were formed. From 1868, the liberal and Greater German orientated party provided the mayor of the city of Innsbruck. The influence of the church declined in Innsbruck in contrast to the surrounding communities. Individualism, capitalism, nationalism and consumerism stepped into the breach. New worlds of work, department stores, theatres, cafés and dance halls did not supplant religion in the city either, but the emphasis changed as a result of the civil liberties won in 1848.

Perhaps the most important change to the law was the Basic relief patent. In Innsbruck, the clergy, above all Wilten Abbey, held a large proportion of the peasant land. The church and nobility were not subject to taxation. In 1848/49, manorial rule and servitude were abolished in Austria. Land rents, tithes and roboters were thus abolished. The landlords received one third of the value of their land from the state as part of the land relief, one third was regarded as tax relief and one third of the relief had to be paid by the farmers themselves. The farmers could pay off this amount in instalments over a period of twenty years.

The after-effects can still be felt today. The descendants of the then successful farmers enjoy the fruits of prosperity through inherited land ownership, which can be traced back to the land relief of 1848, as well as political influence through land sales for housing construction, leases and public sector redemptions for infrastructure projects. The land-owning nobles of the past had to resign themselves to the ignominy of pursuing middle-class labour. The transition from birthright to privileged status within society was often successful thanks to financial means, networks and education. Many of Innsbruck's academic dynasties began in the decades after 1848.

The hitherto unknown phenomenon of leisure time emerged, albeit sparsely for the most part, and, together with disposable income, favoured hobbies for a larger number of people. Civil organisations and clubs, from reading circles to singing societies, fire brigades and sports clubs, were founded. The revolutionary year also manifested itself in the cityscape. Parks such as the English Garden at Ambras Castle were no longer the exclusive preserve of the aristocracy, but served as recreational areas for the citizens to escape their cramped existence. In St. Nikolaus, on the site of the raft landing stage on the Inn, the Waltherpark.

Eines der bekanntesten und für Innsbruck bedeutendsten Fürstenpaare regierte Tirol exakt während der Zeit, in der der Dreißigjährige Krieg Europa verheerte. Der Habsburger Leopold (1586 – 1632), im Jahr 1618 noch Bischof von Passau, wurde von seinem Bruder auserkoren, um die landesfürstlichen Regierungsgeschäfte im oberösterreichischen Regiment in Tirol und den Vorlanden zu führen. Er hatte die klassische Erziehung unter den Fittichen der Jesuiten genossen. In Graz und Judenburg studierte er Philosophie und Theologie, um sich für den machtpolitischen Bereich des Klerus vorzubereiten. Leopolds frühe Karriere steht für all das, was Protestanten und Kirchenreformer an der katholischen Kirche ablehnten. Mit 12 Jahren wurde er zum Bischof von Passau gewählt, mit dreizehn wurde er zum Koadjutor des Bistums Straßburg in Lothringen ernannt. Kirchliche Weihen hingegen erhielt er nie. Für die geistlichen Pflichten war sein Fürstbischof zuständig.

Leopold widmete sich leidenschaftlich der Politik. Er reiste viel zwischen seinen Bistümern und beteiligte sich an Feldzügen, Tätigkeiten, die einem Kirchenmann nicht unbedingt zur Ehre gereichten. Als Maximilian III. kinderlos verstarb, fungierte Leopold als habsburgischer Statthalter. Der ambitionierte Machtpolitiker war damit nicht zufrieden. Er wollte den Titel des Landesfürsten samt Huldigung und dynastischem Erbrecht. Innsbruck blieb durch Leopold landesfürstliche Residenzstadt. In seinen ersten Jahren als Regent war es notwendig, dass Leopold weiterhin zwischen seinen von den Wirren des Dreißigjährigen Krieges bedrohten Bistümern in Süd- und Westdeutschland reiste. Erst mit seiner Hochzeit wurde er in seiner Residenz sesshaft. 1625 verzichtete der mittlerweile zum Herzog Erhobene auf seine kirchlichen Besitztümer und Würden, um heiraten und eine neue Tiroler Linie des Hauses Habsburg gründen zu können. Zu seiner Braut wurde Claudia de Medici (1604 – 1648) vom mächtigen und reichen Fürstengeschlecht aus der Toskana erkoren.

Die Medici hatten mit Baumwoll- und Textilhandel, vor allem aber mit Finanzgeschäften ein Vermögen verdient und waren zu politischer Macht gekommen. Unter den Medici war Florenz das kulturelle und finanzwirtschaftliche Zentrum Europas geworden, vergleichbar mit dem New York des 20. Jahrhunderts. Im 17. Jahrhundert hatte die Stadt am Arno zwar an politischem Gewicht eingebüßt, in kultureller Hinsicht war Florenz aber noch immer die Benchmark. Leopold setzte alles daran, um seine Residenzstadt in diese Liga zu katapultieren. Die Hochzeitsfeierlichkeiten sollten der Verbindung zwischen Habsburg und Medici würdig sein. Es war eines der prächtigsten Feste in der Geschichte Innsbrucks und hielt die Stadt zwei Wochen lang in Atem. Das Brautpaar zog in einem langen Zug durch zwei eigens errichtete Pforten in der Stadt ein. Ein breites Unterhaltungsprogramm, darunter „Bears, Turks and Moors" left guests and citizens in raptures and amazement.

Leopolds Politik wurde von vielen Auseinandersetzungen mit den Landständen geprägt. Er war als Hardliner der Gegenreformation ein Unterstützer der kaiserlichen Truppen. Die finanziellen Mittel dafür stellte er über eine umfassende Steuerreform zu Ungunsten der Mittelschicht zur Verfügung. Die in Kriegen übliche Inflation durch das Stocken des für Innsbruck wichtigen Handels verschlechterte das Leben der Untertanen. 1622 verschärfte eine wetterbedingte Missernte die Lage, die durch die Zinsbelastung des Staatshaushaltes durch Altlasten ohnehin stets angespannt war. Auch sein Beharren auf flächendeckende Durchsetzung des modernen Römischen Rechtes gegenüber dem traditionellen Gewohnheitsrecht brachte ihm bei vielen Untertanen keine Sympathiepunkte ein. Das alles hielt Leopold und Claudia nicht davon ab, in absolutistischer Manier prächtig Hof zu halten.

Innsbruck was extensively remodelled in Baroque style during Leopold's reign. Spectacular festivities took place at court in the presence of the European aristocracy. Shows such as lion fights with animals from the princely herd, which Ferdinand II had established in the court gardens, theatre and concerts served to entertain court society. The manners of the harsh alpine farmers were also to improve. Swearing, shouting and the use of firearms in the streets were banned, as was the free movement of farm animals within the city limits. Waste, which was a particular problem when there was no rain and no water flowing through the canal system, was regularly cleaned up by princely decree.

Weniger prächtig als die Vorstellungen des Paares ihrer Residenzstadt war die Regierungszeit, die von den Konfessionskriegen geprägt war. Das Unterengadin, über das Leopold die Gerichtsgewalt hatte, war ein steter Unruheherd. Unter dem Vorwand, die dort ansässigen katholischen Untertanen vor protestantischen Übergriffen zu schützen, ließ er das Gebiet besetzen. Er konnte Aufstände zwar immer wieder erfolgreich unterdrücken, die Ressourcen, die dafür nötig waren, brachten Bevölkerung und Landstände in Rage. Auch an der Nordgrenze zu Bayern war die Lage unruhig und erforderte Leopold als Kriegsherrn. Herzog Bernhard von Weimar hatte Füssen eingenommen und stand bei der Ehrenberger Klause vor den Landesgrenzen. Innsbruck blieb zwar von direkten Kriegshandlungen verschont, war aber dank den nahen Fronten trotzdem Teil des Dreißigjährigen Krieges.

After Leopold's early death, Claudia ruled the country with the help of her court chancellor Wilhelm Biener (1590 - 1651) with modern, early absolutist policies and a strict hand. Biener centralised parts of the administration and disempowered the often corrupt and arbitrary local petty nobility in favour of the prince in order to finance the expansion of the Tyrolean defence system. The Swedes, who were notorious for their brutality, threatened the Tyrolean borders, but could thus be repelled. Defence fortifications were built near Scharnitz on today's German border and named after the sovereign princess Porta Claudia called. Remains of it can still be seen today. The inconvenient Biener was recognised by Claudia's successor, Archduke Ferdinand Karl, and the provincial estates as a Persona non grata imprisoned and beheaded in 1651 after a show trial.

A touch of Florence and Medici still characterises Innsbruck today: both the Jesuit church, where Claudia and Leopold found their final resting place, and the Mariahilf parish church still bear the coat of arms of their family with the red balls and lilies. The Old Town Hall in the old town centre is also known as Claudiana known. The theatre in Innsbruck is particularly associated with Leopold's name to this day, and a fountain on the forecourt commemorates him. A street name in Saggen was dedicated to Chancellor Wilhelm Biener.