The Middle Ages are often portrayed in books and films as a dark age in which tyrannical aristocrats and bloodthirsty robber barons oppressed mouse-grey clad peasants and women were burned at the stake as witches without trial. This depiction does not correspond to the facts in any way. The Middle Ages were not a colourless era, in fact the period up to 1500 was extremely colourful, nor was it characterised by lawlessness and arbitrariness. The Middle Ages were also not the great time of large-scale witch burnings. This dark episode would not begin until the 16th century. This dark chapter in history began in 1485, partly in Innsbruck with the involvement of Heinrich Kramer, the author of the Witch hammers.

The economic and social circumstances in cities such as pre-modern Innsbruck were a good breeding ground for witch trials. Cities grew at an above-average rate. Officials, court servants, showmen, soldiers, merchants and other "foreign people" caused insecurity. The mortality rate for children under the age of 10 was close to 50%. There were also no weather reports on which farmers could base their activities. Food was permanently scarce, which led to an increased incidence of diseases and deformities of all kinds. Medicine and science were not yet ready to explain all this.

Many things were therefore attributed to supernatural powers. People's superstitions included black magic, which was harmful, and white magic, which was helpful. Saints were asked for help. Processions and prayers were supposed to help people avoid the devil and damnation in the afterlife. Harmful objects such as bone splinters from unbaptised deceased children or pieces of wood from a gallows brought bad luck, while relics were highly sought-after artefacts to protect against this. Even the smallest particles of a saint's body were believed to have powers that could work miracles. Love or sickness spells, curses, devil worship - the reasons why one could be accused of witchcraft in 15th century Innsbruck were manifold.

Heinrich Kramer was a misogynistic, superstitious religious zealot, driven by a belief in the devil and the apocalypse, who unfortunately had been authorised by the Pope to hunt witches and who took advantage of this situation. Like a showman, he travelled the country as an inquisitor and came to Innsbruck in 1485. His lectures and sermons on magic and sorcery fell on fertile ground in Innsbruck. Kramer encouraged his audience to report suspects of witchcraft, which was gratefully accepted. Envy and envy were part of everyday life within the city community. Settling disputes by means of denunciation was a method that some townspeople liked to utilise. 50 people, the majority of them women, were suspected of witchcraft after being denounced by fellow citizens on charges of heresy. After arrests and interrogations, seven people were charged and threatened with the death penalty. The reasons for the charges were manifold. Helene Scheuberin, for example, was accused of having poisoned the knight Jörg Spiess by magic.

It was Bishop Golser of Bressanone who doubted Kramer's account and intervened. His envoy found serious procedural flaws. A lawyer was appointed to represent all seven accused women in court. In the end, all the suspects were released. The bishop asked Kramer to leave Tyrol. "In der Praxis zeigte sich seine Dummheit, denn er unterstellt vieles, was gar nicht erwiesen war," wrote Golser in a letter. This disappointing trial was the start of a dubious career for Kramer, whose honour had been insulted. Following this episode, he wrote his work Der Hexenhammer. Er leitete es sogar bezugnehmend auf Innsbruck ein mit „aber was, wenn ich alle (Fälle) berichten wollte, die allein in jener Stadt gefunden worden sind? Es hieße, ein Buch zu verfassen.“

Kramer's work became the standard work of the inquisitors of Europe. Almost at the same time, book printing celebrated its major breakthrough around 1500 and simplified the distribution of this guide to witch hunting and trials. It should be noted that most witch trials were not heard in church courts. Heresy was a secular crime, for which there were guidelines, at least on paper. Torture was regulated, which did not make it any less terrible, but at least took away some of the arbitrariness.

In Europe, it is estimated that between 100,000 and 150,000 people died as heretics, witches and sorcerers. This affected elites who aroused envy as well as Protestants, marginalised groups and the socially disadvantaged, who were scapegoats for bad weather, illness and other misfortune. The ratio between men and women was around 1:3. Innsbruck was to be spared further waves of witch hunts after 1485. The intervention of Golser and some of the people of Innsbruck played a decisive role in this.

The first years of Emperor Ferdinand I's reign (1503 - 1564) as sovereign of Tyrol were characterised by theological and social unrest. Theological and social tensions increased during this crisis-ridden period. The new law, which had been introduced by Maximilian's administration, stood in opposition to the old customary law. Hunting in the forest and searching for firewood had thus become illegal for the majority of the population. Siegmund's lavish court management and Maximilian's wars, including the pledging of a large part of the state's assets, had put Tyrol's financial situation in dire straits. At this time, two men emerged in Tyrol, Jakob Hutter (1500 - 1536) and Michael Gaismair (1490 - 1532), who threatened the existing order and paid for it with their lives.

Jakob Hutter was the figurehead of the Anabaptists, who were mainly active in the Inn Valley and the Puster Valley in South Tyrol. The first signs of the Little Ice Age caused an increase in crop failures. Many people saw this as a punishment from God for people's sinful lives. Sects such as the Anabaptists preached the pure doctrine of religion in order to free themselves from this guilt and restore order. The Roman Church and the pious Prince Ferdinand were particularly displeased by their attitude towards worldly possessions and baptism. People should freely express their will to join Christianity as adult and responsible citizens and not be baptised as children. The Anabaptists posed a threat to public order for the strictly religious Prince Ferdinand, who was loyal to the Pope, and were welcome scapegoats for the majority of Tyroleans. As early as 1524, three Anabaptists were burned at the stake for heresy in front of the Golden Roof in Innsbruck. Five years later, thousands of Anabaptists were expelled from the country and emigrated to Moravia, today's Czech Republic.

One of them was Jakob Hutter. Having grown up in South Tyrol, his apprenticeship and journeyman years as a hatter took him to Prague and Carinthia, where he probably first came into contact with the Anabaptists and their teachings. When the religious community was also expelled from Moravia in 1535, Jakob Hutter returned to Tyrol. He was captured, taken to Innsbruck and imprisoned in the Kräuterturm gefoltert. Er fand als Anführer der Häretiker für sein Wirken 1536 vor dem Goldenen Dachl his end at the stake.

The community of Hutterischen Brüder kam nach ihrer endgültigen Vertreibung aus den deutschen Ländern und langen Irrfahrten und Fluchten quer durch Europa im 19. Jahrhundert in Nordamerika an. Noch heute gibt es einige hundert Hutterer Kolonien in Kanada und den USA, die noch immer nach dem Gebot der Jerusalemer Gütergemeinschaft in einer Art kommunistischem Urchristentum leben. Wie die Mennoniten und die Amisch leben die Hutterer meist isoliert von der Außenwelt und haben sich eine eigene Form der an das Deutsche angelehnten Sprache erhalten. In Innsbruck erinnern eine kleine Tafel am Goldenen Dachl sowie eine Straße im Westen der Stadt an Jakob Hutter. 2008 hatten die Bischöfe von Brixen und Innsbruck gemeinsam mit den Landeshauptleuten Nord- und Südtirols in einem Brief an den Ältestenrat der Hutterischen Brüder das knapp 500 Jahre vergangene Unrecht an der Täufergemeinschaft eingestanden. 2015 wurde im Saggen eein paar Schritte südwestlich des Panoramagebäudes der Huttererpark eröffnet, in dem das Denkmal „Übrige Brocken“ an das Schicksal und Leid der Verfolgten erinnert.

Der größte Aufruhr im Zuge der Reformation in Tirol war der Bauernaufstand ab 1525, der eng mit dem Namen Michael Gaismairs verbunden ist. Anders als Hutter, der vor allem eine spirituelle Erneuerung forderte, wollte Gaismair auch soziale Veränderungen vorantreiben. Der Tiroler Aufstand war ein Teil dessen, was als Deutscher Bauernkrieg große Teile des Heiligen Römischen Reiches was shaken. It was partly reformist, theological fervour and partly dissatisfaction with the social situation and distribution of goods that drove the rebels. Unlike Martin Luther, Gaismair was not a theologian. He was the son of a mining entrepreneur, one could say educated middle class. While working in the service of the Bishop of Brixen, he saw how the sovereign administration and jurisdiction treated the subjects. In May 1525, he took part in the uprising against the clergy in Brixen. A mob invaded the Neustift monastery and the bishop's property. The enraged subjects plundered the monastery and destroyed the Urbare, the records of the peasants' property, debts and obligations to the lord of the manor. The bishop was also a secular prince and was regarded as a particularly strict sovereign.

The movement quickly gained momentum and spread rapidly. Uprisings took place throughout the country. In Innsbruck, Wilten Abbey, the seat of the landlord of many subjects, was besieged. Gaismair was chosen by the rebels as captain to conduct negotiations with the Tyrolean prince, Ferdinand I, at the provincial parliament in Innsbruck. He drew up a utopian type of provincial constitution. His intention was not to shake Prince Ferdinand himself, but to ask him to Namen Gottes to organise and administer the country more fairly. The clergy were to concern themselves with the salvation of their subjects instead of politics. Land and goods such as mining yields were to be distributed in a socially just manner and interest was to be cancelled. The restrictions on hunting and fishing imposed on the Tyroleans by Ferdinand's predecessor Maximilian I (83) were to be lifted. These concerns were emphasised in the 62 Merano articles collected later on 96 Innsbruck articles have been expanded.

When Gaismair and his delegation negotiated with Ferdinand and his officials in Innsbruck in June 1525, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Kräuterturm imprisoned. After almost two months in prison, he was able to escape and continue his fight from Sterzing. After several defeats, he went to neighbouring Switzerland, which was in revolt against the Habsburgs, where he met the reformer and revolutionary Huldyrich Zwingli. It was here that he wrote down his social-revolutionary national order, which envisaged a Christian state of peasants, craftsmen and miners in which goods were to be communitised. One of the articles read:

„As far as the tithe is concerned, everyone should give it according to the commandment of God, and it should be used as follows: Let every parish have a priest according to the teaching of the Apostle Paul, whom the word of God proclaims to the people... what is left over is to be given to the poor."

He was also the army commander of the resistance group against the Habsburgs. The reputation of his military successes reached the Republic of Venice, which had been in constant conflict with the Habsburgs since the war with Siegmund the Rich in Coin in 1477. Gaismair was recognised as Condottiereas an army commander. However, he soon fell out of favour here too. Not only did Venice make peace with the Habsburgs, but his anti-Catholic stance and non-conformist lifestyle also aroused envy and envy. In 1532, he was murdered at his country estate near Venice with more than 40 stab wounds. It is not clear which of the many powers he had set against him was behind this.

No less interesting than his life is his post-mortem career. Gaismair never made it to the general fame of Andreas Hofer in Tyrol. To this day, he is hardly ever talked about in schools. Unlike Hofer, who rose up as a good Catholic against a foreign power, Gaismair was an insurgent, an unpleasant and lateral thinker. A play about the peasant leader by Franz Kranewitter was published in 1899. In the 20th century, Gaismair was interpreted as a fighter against the monarchy and clergy, by the National Socialists as a German hero and liberator of the peasants or by the left as an early communist. The generation of 1968 celebrated the actually pious and God-fearing revolutionary for his ideas on the communisation of property. The Tyrolean journalist and historian Claus Gatterer wrote about the constant reinterpretation of the figure of Gaismair:

 „How much truth is a people allowed to know about its past, about the growth and development of its present? .... According to the respective ideology, long-deserved heroes and saints are toppled from their pedestals and replaced by others who have been disregarded until then; or an established saint is given a new biography without further ado, which fits in with current requirements in terms of the motivation for action.“

Unlike Andreas Hofer, there are hardly any memorials in Innsbruck to Michael Gaismair and the peasant uprising of 1525. A street and a secondary school in Wilten commemorate him.

On Friedl mit der leeren Tasche followed Siegmund der Münzreiche als Tiroler Landesfürst. Siegmund von Tirol (1427 – 1496) startete denkbar schlecht in sein Amt als Landesfürst. Als sein Vater Friedrich IV. starb, war Siegmund erst 12 Jahre alt. Deshalb nahm ihn sein Onkel Friedrich III., der Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reichs und Vater Maximilians I., in unfreiwillige Obhut und Vormundschaft. Man könnte sagen, Siegmund startete seine Karriere als Geisel des Kaisers, seines eigenen Vetters. Tirol war mittlerweile eine reiche Grafschaft, die direkte Kontrolle darüber wollte der Kaiser nur ungern aufgeben. Erst als die Tiroler Landstände gegen diese Bevormundung protestierten, konnte Siegmund sein Amt antreten. Der Tiroler Landtag hatte die Regierungsgeschäfte in Ermangelung eines Landesfürsten übernommen und damit politisches Gewicht bewiesen. Mit 18 Jahren zog Siegmund in Innsbruck ein, um die Amtsgeschäfte zu übernehmen. Vier Jahre später heiratete er Eleonore von Schottland (1433 – 1480), die optisch wenig attraktive 16 Jahre alte Tochter Königs Jakob aus dem Hause Stewart. Die Ehe sollte ohne Kinder bleiben.

Siegmund erließ Siegmund die Schwaz mountain regulations, die zum Vorbild für alle Bergwerke der Habsburger werden sollte. Den Bergbeamten wurden, ähnlich den Universitäten, mehr Rechte innerhalb ihres Wirkungsbereiches gegeben. Für die Bergarbeiter gab es Sonderregelungen innerhalb der Gesellschaft, waren sie doch heiß begehrte Arbeitskräfte. Man kann von einer frühen sozial- und arbeitsrechtlichen Vereinbarung sprechen. Die Bergleute arbeiteten hart, verdienten aber verhältnismäßig gut. Dasselbe galt für die Münzprägeanstalt und die Salinen in Hall. Auch in Innsbruck und Umgebung zog das städtische Leben neues Handwerk an. In Mühlau etablierte sich mit der Plattnerei hochwertiges Metallgewerbe. Die Menschen, die in dieser New Industry beschäftigt waren, bildeten eine Art Mittelschicht mit höherer Kaufkraft. Die Nachfrage nach Fleisch stieg an. Das hatte eine Veränderung der Landwirtschaft zur Folge. In stadtnahen Dörfern wie Pradl und Amras oder im Tiroler Unterland nahe den Bergwerken Hall und Schwaz östlich Innsbrucks entdeckten die Bauern die Viehzucht als einträglichere Quelle als den Ackerbau für sich. Bis heute unterscheiden sich die Anbauarten in den unterschiedlichen Regionen Tirols stark.

In 1484, Siegmund had the mint moved from Meran in South Tyrol to Hall, which earned him the nickname Siegmund der Münzreiche brought in. For the small town of Hall, which was located in the immediate vicinity of Innsbruck, as well as for Innsbruck itself, this meant an immense increase in value. In reality, however, despite the rich land he had inherited from Frederick IV, Siegmund was not particularly rich in coin, unlike his father, due to his opulent lifestyle. His second marriage was to Katharina of Saxony (1468 - 1524), a lady from a highly aristocratic electoral family. It was probably also thanks to the influence and court behaviour of Siegmund and his two wives that the expenditure of the Coin rich exceeded the income from taxes, salt works and mines in the long term. At the royal wedding in 1484, the bride's procession alone comprised 54 carriages. The guests had to be accommodated and catered for in Innsbruck. Even with a wife 40 years his junior, the now senile Siegmund was granted a male heir, which must have been particularly bitter for him considering the 30 children he was rumoured to have fathered out of wedlock.

Innsbruck flourished under Siegmund's court and coffers. During his opulent reign, the city became a centre of attraction for craftsmen, goldsmiths and artists. The city tower near the Old Town Hall as an expression of the city's prosperity and the first parts of the Hofburg were built under Siegmund. A glass painter settled in Innsbruck and established the tradition of glass painting in Innsbruck. Around 1900, the resulting Stained glass Innsbruck in today's Glasmalereistraße, one of the world's leading companies with branches in New York and Munich. The court library grew in step with Siegmund and Eleonore's humanistically scholarly guests. Both were considered art-loving and interested in literature. Before the invention of printing, books were an expensive hobby. Travellers and showmen were also welcome at court to entertain local and international guests.

Gleichzeitig wurden die Zeiten rauer für die, die mit dem neuen Lebensrhythmus der Stadt nicht mithalten konnten. Man kann von circa 2000 Stadtbürgern zu dieser Zeit ausgehen. Der Hofstaat Sigmunds dürfte aus 500 Personen bestanden haben, der Hofstaat seiner Frau war dabei nicht miteingerechnte. Diese „Fremden“ erregten in Innsbruck Aufsehen. Die Kluft zwischen den sozialen Schichten wuchs. Der Hexenprozess von 1485 fanden in einem Klima aus Neid, Missgunst und Skepsis gegenüber den neuen Sitten statt, die in Innsbruck Einzug hielten.

Siegmund war nicht der erfolgreichste Herrscher Tirols, blieb dank seiner Verdienste um den kulturellen Aufschwung in Innsbruck aber bis heute in guter Erinnerung. Sein Hof war am Ende seiner Regierungszeit übermäßig aufgebläht und teuer. Ein verlorener Krieg mit den Schweizer Eidgenossen verpflichtete ihn zu Zahlungen, auch ein Krieg mit Venedig endete schlecht. Siegmund musste habsburgische Besitzungen im Elsass und dem heutigen Breisgau an Karl the bold von Burgund, den zukünftigen Schwiegervater Maximilians I. verpfänden. Die österreichischen Vorlande verkaufte er zu einem Spottpreis an das Herzogtum Bayern, die Tiroler Silberbergwerke verpfändete er an Jakob Fugger. Die bayerischen Wittelsbacher wollten über einen Erbvertrag mit dem altersbedingt geistig umnachteten Sigmund auch Tirol wieder unter ihre Kontrolle bringen. Erst kaiserlicher Druck und das eilige Einschreiten der Tiroler Landstände und Maximilians ermöglichten den Verbleib des Landes beim Haus Habsburg.

Maximilian zählt zu den bedeutendsten Persönlichkeiten der europäischen und der Innsbrucker Stadtgeschichte. Über Tirol soll der passionierte Jäger gesagt haben: "Tirol ist ein grober Bauernkittel, der aber gut wärmt." Er machte Innsbruck in seiner Regierungszeit zu einem der wichtigsten Zentren des Heiligen Römischen Reichs. „Wer immer sich im Leben kein Gedächtnis macht, der hat nach seinem Tod kein Gedächtnis und derselbe Mensch wird mit dem Glockenton vergessen.“ Dieser Angst wirkte Maximilian höchst erfolgreich aktiv entgegen. Unter ihm spielten Propaganda, Bild und Medien eine immer stärkere Rolle, bedingt auch durch den aufkeimenden Buchdruck. Maximilian nutzte Kunst und Kultur, um sich präsent zu halten. So hielt er sich eine Reichskantorei, eine Musikkapelle, die vor allem bei öffentlichen Auftritten und Empfängen internationaler Gesandter zum Einsatz kam. Das Goldene DachlThe Hofburg, the Hofkirche and the Innsbruck Armoury were largely initiated by him, as was the paving of the streets and alleyways of the old town. He had the trade route laid in what is now Mariahilf and improved the city's water supply. Fire regulations had already existed in Innsbruck since 1510 and the new water pipeline, which had been laid to Innsbruck 25 years earlier under Maximilian, opened up new possibilities for fire protection. In 1499 Maximilian ordered the SalvatorikapelleHe began to rebuild a hospital for the needy inhabitants of Innsbruck, who had no right to a place in the Brotherhood's city hospital. He also began to chip away at the privileges of Wilten Abbey, the largest landowner in the present-day city area. Infrastructure owned by the monastery, such as the mill, sawmill and Sill Canal, were to come under greater control of the prince.

The imperial court, which was always based in Innsbruck, transformed Innsbruck's appearance and attitude. Envoys and politicians from all over Europe up to the Ottoman Empire as well as noblemen had their residences built in Innsbruck or stayed in the town's inns. Culturally, it was above all his second wife Bianca Maria Sforza who patronised Innsbruck. Not only did her wedding take place here, she also resided here for a long time, as the city was closer to her home in Milan than Maximilian's other residences. She brought her entire court with her from the Renaissance metropolis to the German lands north of the Alps.

Under Maximilian, Innsbruck not only became a cultural centre of the empire, the city also boomed economically. Among other things, Innsbruck was the centre of the postal service in the empire. The Thurn und Taxis family was granted a monopoly on this important service and chose Innsbruck as the centre of their private imperial postal service.

Maximilian was able to build on the expertise of the gunsmiths who had already established themselves in the foundries in Hötting under his predecessor Siegmund. The most famous of them was Peter "Löffler“ Laiminger. Die Geschichte der Löfflers ist im Roman Der Meister des siebten Siegels excellently processed.

The Fuggers maintained an office in Innsbruck. In addition to his favoured love of Tyrolean nature, the treasures such as salt from Hall and silver from Schwaz were at least as valuable and useful to him. Maximilian financed his lavish court, his election as king by the electors and his many wars by pledging the country's natural resources to the wealthy merchant family from Augsburg, among other things.

Maximilian was long unpopular with Tyrolean farmers during his lifetime. Maximilian curtailed the peasants' rights to the commons. Logging, hunting and fishing were placed under the control of the sovereign and were no longer common property. This had a negative impact on peasant self-sufficiency. Meat and fish, which had long been part of the diet in the Middle Ages, now became a luxury. It was around 1500 that hunters became poachers.

Many Tyroleans had to enforce the imperial will on the battlefields. Many of Maximilian's battles took place in the immediate vicinity of Tyrol. The wars demanded a great deal from the men fit for military service. This only changed in the last years of his reign. The skilful political move of the Tyrolean Landlibells from 1511 Maximilian was able to buy the affection and loyalty of his subjects and limit the influence of the bishops of Brixen and Trento. Maximilian conceded to the Tyroleans in a kind of constitution that they could only be called up as soldiers for the defence of their own country.

It is difficult to summarise Maximilian's work in Innsbruck. He is said to have been downright enamoured of his province of Tyrol. Of course, declarations of love from an emperor flatter the popular psyche to this day. His material legacy with its many magnificent buildings reinforces this positive image. He turned Innsbruck into an imperial residence city and pushed ahead with the modernisation of the infrastructure. Innsbruck became the centre of the armaments industry and grew economically and spatially. The debts he incurred for this and the state assets he pledged to the Fuggers left their mark on Tyrol after his death, at least as much as the strict laws he imposed on the ordinary population. In today's popular imagination, the hard times are not as present as the Goldene Dachl und die in der Schule gelernten weichen Fakten und Legenden rund um den einflussreichen Kaiser. 2019 überschlug man sich mit den Feierlichkeiten zum 500. Todestag des für Innsbruck wohl wichtigsten Habsburgers. Der Wiener wurde wohlwollend eingebürgert. Salzburg hat Mozart, Innsbruck Maximilian, einen Kaiser, den Tiroler, ob seiner damals nicht ungewöhnlichen Leidenschaft für die Jagd passend zur gewünschten Identität Innsbrucks als rauen Gesellen, der am liebsten in den Bergen ist, angepasst haben. Sein markantes Gesicht prangt heute auf allerhand Konsumartikeln, vom Käse bis zum Skilift steht der Kaiser für allerhand Profanes Pate. Lediglich für politische Agenden lässt er sich weniger gut vor den Karren spannen als Andreas Hofer. Wahrscheinlich ist es für den Durchschnittsbürger einfacher, sich mit einem revolutionären Wirt zu identifizieren als mit einem Kaiser.

Der Tiroler Landesfürst Friedrich IV. (1382 – 1439) lebte in einer bewegten Zeit der habsburgischen und Innsbrucker Geschichte. Ein langer Rauschebart umhüllte das Gesicht des Fürsten, der in vielen Chroniken und Berichten als willkürlich, machtgierig, hinterlistig und verschlagen beschrieben wird. Friedrich wurde als Sexaholic beschrieben, der sich im Zweifelsfall auch nicht vor Gewalt zurückschreckte, um seinen Willen durchzusetzen. Sein positives Image wurde ihm erst in den Jahrhunderten nach seinem Ableben verpasst. Ob geiziger Sittenstrolch oder geschickter Politiker und Freund des einfachen Mannes - die Eckdaten seines Lebens wären taugliches Material für einen abenteuerlichen Mittelalterfilm.

Friedrich übernahm mit 24 Jahren neben der Regentschaft in Vorderösterreich auch die Grafschaft Tirol. Vorderösterreich? Also Vorarlberg? Nicht ganz. Unter Vorderösterreich verstand sich der Besitz der Habsburger unter anderem in der Schweiz, in Vorarlberg, im Elsass und in Baden-Württemberg. Tirol und Vorderösterreich wurden seit Friedrich gemeinsam verwaltet als Upper Austria. This made him one of the most powerful princes of the Heiligen Römischen Reiches. Von Anfang seiner Regentschaft an war er in kostspielige Kriege gegen feindlich gesonnene Mächte an den Landesgrenzen sowie Konkurrenz innerhalb des Heiligen Römischen Reiches verwickelt. Im Westen erhoben sich die Appenzeller gegen den Habsburger, im Süden kam es zu einem Aufstand in Trient und Heinrich von Rottenburg zettelte nördlich des Inn eine Fehde an. Dabei handelte es sich um die letzten Konflikte, die in der Manier der reinen Ritterheere geführt wurden.

Wie seine Vorgängerin auf dem landesfürstlichen Stuhl Margarethe kam auch Friedrich in Konflikt mit dem Papst. Zu seiner Zeit gab es neben einem Papst in Rom auch einen Papst im französischen Avignon. Diese Papstfrage sollte auf dem Konzil von Konstanz, dem vielleicht wichtigsten politischen Ereignis des späten europäischen Mittelalters, gelöst werden. Friedrich stellte sich auf die Seite von Johannes XXIII. Der König des Heiligen Römischen Reiches Sigismund aus dem Geschlecht der Luxemburger, der auf den Gegenpapst in Avignon setzte, ließ seinen reichsinternen Konkurrenten Friedrich dafür mit der Eight belegen und einsperren. Das bedeutete nicht nur den Freiheitsentzug und Ausschluss aus der Kirche, sondern auch den Verlust seiner Territorien und seines Besitzes. Seine Gegner verpassten ihm den Spitznamen Friedl mit der leeren Tasche.

Nach abenteuerlicher Flucht aus der Haft wieder in Innsbruck angelangt, musste Friedrich der Bevölkerung, vor allem dem landbesitzenden Kleinadel und den Städten als Anerkennung für ihre Unterstützung in höchster Not Reformen zugestehen. Neben Klerus, Adel und den Städten durften durch diese Gesetzänderung auch die Gerichte, die für die Verwaltung der Landgemeinden zuständig waren, ihre Vertreter in den Landtag entsenden.

Dieser Spitzname blieb im Volksmund erhalten, auch wenn er am Ende seiner Regentschaft durch die reichen Silberfunde in Schwaz und Gossensass sowie durch Zölle und Maut auf den Handel zwischen Venedig und Augsburg einer der reichsten Fürsten Europas seiner Zeit war. Durch die Silberfunde und die damit einhergehende Bergwerkswirtschaft im nahen Schwaz wurde das Sozialgefüge auch in Innsbruck beeinflusst. Die größte Silbermine Europas veränderte das Land nachhaltig. Die Macht der Zünfte nahm zu. Zwar war Innsbruck vom Umland abhängig, was die Versorgung mit Lebensmitteln betraf, durch den wachsenden Wohlstand der Stadt war es aber leichter sich durch diese Krisenzeit zu manövrieren als in rein ländlichen Gebieten. Als Friedrich starb, war Tirol dank der Silberfunde in Schwaz zu einem wichtigen Land innerhalb des Habsburgerreiches aufgestiegen.

Innsbruck war zwar gewachsen, noch immer aber eine kleine Stadt. Friedrich beschloss 1420, die Stadt am Inn zu seiner Residenz zu machen. Meran war der Stammsitz der Grafen von Tirol gewesen und blieb noch bis 1849 die offizielle Tiroler Landeshauptstadt. Tatsächlich hatte spätestens seit Friedrichs Umzug Innsbruck die Nase vorn. Unter seine Regentschaft wurden die Lauben in der Herzog-Friedrich-Straße angelegt und der Stadtturm errichtet. Europaweit war das 15. Jahrhundert wegen des tendenziell schlechteren Klimas als in den Vorperioden eine wirtschaftlich schwierige Zeit, geprägt von Missernten. Durch Handel und den Impuls, den die Übersiedlung des Hofstaats brachte, blühte Innsbruck aber gegen den europaweiten Trend auf.

Mit dem Hofstaat, der um die 400 Personen umfasste, kamen Beamte, Dienstpersonal, Händler, Finanziers und Soldaten, die Geld in die Stadt brachten. Vor allem die Handwerkszünfte sollten zum Wirtschaftsmotor und zur Basis für die spätere frühindustrielle Fertigung werden. Es ist schwer zu sagen, wie sich die Übersiedlung der Residenz konkret auf Innsbrucks Bevölkerungszahl auswirkte. Der Hofstaat Friedrichs brachte mit seiner neuen Art zu wirtschaften aber einen neuen Lifestyle mit sich. Gastwirtschaften eröffneten und baten Abwechslung im Alltag. Fahrende Theater und Schaukünstler kamen in die Stadt. Wie in vielen europäischen Städten im deutschsprachigen Raum schwappte die Urbanisierung aus den italienischen Ländern über und brachte eine Spezialisierung der Berufswelt und noch stärkerer Arbeitsteilung.

Zuzug und die schnelle Veränderung des Sozialgefüges sorgten auch für Probleme. Die Xenophobie der abergläubischen, oft analphabetischen und wenig gebildeten Bevölkerung nahm nicht im gleichen Tempo ab, wie sich die Zustände änderten. Spannungen zwischen Alteingesessenen und neuen Bürgern, Handwerkern, Händlern, Bauern und Mitgliedern des Hofstaates waren Alltag im Innsbruck Friedrichs.

Ob seiner vielen Auseinandersetzungen mit anderen Fürsten und dem Papst, seines Reichtums durch Zölle und die Schwazer Minen und seines wohl exzentrischen Charakters galt Friedrich IV. seinen Zeitgenossen als eine Art Raubritter. Erst später erfuhr er durch die vielen Legenden, die sich seither um seine Person ranken, eine wohlwollendere Presse. So soll er als Bettler verkleidet durchs Land gezogen sein, um die wahre Meinung, die das Volk von ihm hatte, zu erfahren. Ab den von den Habsburgern seit dem 16. Jahrhundert in Auftrag gegebenen Berichten schneidet er wesentlich besser ab. Sein liebevoller Spitzname Friedl mit der leeren Tasche trägt dieses Image des gutmütigen, unbeholfenen Landesfürsten Tirols bis ins Heute herüber. Innsbruckern gilt er bis heute als einer der Väter der Stadt.

Siegmund der Münzreiche was the one who brought Niklas Türing (1427 - 1496) to Innsbruck in the 15th century. The Türings were a family of stonemasons and master builders from what is now Swabia, which at the time was part of the Habsburg Monarchy as part of Vorderösterreich. Innsbruck had been the royal seat of the Tyrolean princes for several decades, but the architectural splendour had not yet arrived north of the Alps. The city was a collection of wooden houses and not very prestigious. For craftsmen and master builders, golden times were dawning, which were to gather even more momentum under Maximilian. There was a real building boom. Aristocrats wanted to have a residence in the city in order to be as close as possible to the centre of power. In the days before the press, a functioning postal system, fax and e-mail, politics was mainly played out through direct contact.

In the course of the late Middle Ages, the early Gothic period and later the Renaissance gave Europe a new architectural guise with a new understanding of architecture and aesthetics. Buildings such as Notre Dame or the Minster of York set the trend that would characterise the whole of Europe until the onset of the Baroque period. Pointed towers, ribbed vaults, bay windows and playful carvings depicting everyday courtly life are some of the typical features that make the heterogeneous style recognisable. The work of the Türings can be traced particularly well in the old town centre. Many of the town houses still have Gothic ground plans, courtyards and carvings. Niklas Türing is responsible for the famous

The Türings shaped Gothic Innsbruck in the transitional period between the Middle Ages and early modern times. Niklas Türing is responsible for the Goldene Dachl to a large extent. He also created the statue of the castle giant Haidl, a particularly tall member of Siegmund's bodyguard, which can be seen today in the town tower. Emperor Maximilian held him in such high esteem that he allowed him to place the family coat of arms of the Türings and his wife, a fountain and a fish, in the vault of the Goldenen Dachls to immortalise him. His son Gregor immortalised himself with the Trautsonhaus in der Herzog-Friedrich-Straße und am Burgriesenhaus in the Domgasse. The last of the Türings to have an influence on the Innsbruck building scene was Niklas Türing the Younger, who began planning the Hofkirche together with Andrea Crivelli. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the influence of the Gothic style began to wane, especially in what is now Austria. Churches in particular were increasingly remodelled and rebuilt in the Baroque style as part of the Counter-Reformation. Today, Türingstraße in the east of Innsbruck is a reminder of the early modern dynasty of master builders.

Today, Innsbruck's city centre is characterised by buildings and monuments that commemorate the Habsburg family. For many centuries, the Habsburgs were a European ruling dynasty whose sphere of influence included a wide variety of territories. At the zenith of their power, they were the rulers of a "Reich, in dem die Sonne nie untergeht". Through wars and skilful marriage and power politics, they sat at the levers of power between South America and the Ukraine in various eras. Innsbruck was repeatedly the centre of power for this dynasty. The relationship was particularly intense between the 15th and 17th centuries. Due to its strategically favourable location between the Italian cities and German centres such as Augsburg and Regensburg, Innsbruck was given a special place in the empire at the latest after its elevation to the status of a royal seat under Emperor Maximilian. Some of the Habsburg rulers had no special relationship with Tyrol, nor did they have any particular affection for this German land. Ferdinand I (1503 - 1564) was educated at the Spanish court. Maximilian's grandson Charles V had grown up in Burgundy. When he set foot on Spanish soil for the first time at the age of 17 to take over his mother Joan's inheritance of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, he did not speak a word of Spanish. When he was elected German Emperor in 1519, he did not speak a word of German.

Tyrol was a province and, as a conservative region, usually favoured by the ruling family. Its inaccessible location made it the perfect refuge in troubled and crisis-ridden times. Charles V (1500 - 1558) fled during a conflict with the Protestant Schmalkaldischen Bund to Innsbruck for some time. Ferdinand I (1793 - 1875) allowed his family to stay in Innsbruck, far away from the Ottoman threat in eastern Austria. Shortly before his coronation in the turbulent summer of the 1848 revolution, Franz Josef I enjoyed the seclusion of Innsbruck together with his brother Maximilian, who was later shot by insurgent nationalists as Emperor of Mexico. A plaque at the Alpengasthof Heiligwasser above Igls reminds us that the monarch spent the night here as part of his ascent of the Patscherkofel.

Not all Habsburgs were always happy to be in Innsbruck. Married princes and princesses such as Maximilian's second wife Bianca Maria Sforza or Ferdinand II's second wife Anna Caterina Gonzaga were stranded in the harsh, German-speaking mountains after their wedding without being asked. If you also imagine what a move and marriage from Italy to Tyrol to a foreign man meant for a teenager, you can imagine how difficult life was for the princesses. Until the 20th century, children of the aristocracy were primarily brought up to be politically married. There was no opposition to this. One might imagine courtly life to be ostentatious, but privacy was not provided for in all this luxury.

When Sigismund Franz von Habsburg (1630 - 1665) died childless as the last prince of the province, the title of royal seat was also history and Tyrol was ruled by a governor. Tyrolean mining had lost its importance. Shortly afterwards, the Habsburgs lost their possessions in Western Europe along with Spain and Burgundy, moving Innsbruck from the centre to the periphery of the empire. In the Austro-Hungarian monarchy of the 19th century, Innsbruck was the western outpost of a huge empire that stretched as far as today's Ukraine. Franz Josef I (1830 - 1916) ruled over a multi-ethnic empire between 1848 and 1916. However, his neo-absolutist concept of rule was out of date. Although Austria had had a parliament and a constitution since 1867, the emperor regarded this government as "his". Ministers were responsible to the emperor, who was above the government. The ailing empire collapsed in the second half of the 19th century. On 28 October 1918, the Republic of Czechoslovakia was proclaimed, and on 29 October, Croats, Slovenes and Serbs left the monarchy. The last Emperor Charles abdicated on 11 November. On 12 November, "Deutschösterreich zur demokratischen Republik, in der alle Gewalt vom Volke ausgeht“. The chapter of the Habsburgs was over.

Despite all the national, economic and democratic problems that existed in the multi-ethnic states that were subject to the Habsburgs in various compositions and forms, the subsequent nation states were sometimes much less successful in reconciling the interests of minorities and cultural differences within their territories. Since the eastward enlargement of the EU, the Habsburg monarchy has been seen by some well-meaning historians as a pre-modern predecessor of the European Union. Together with the Catholic Church, the Habsburgs shaped the public sphere through architecture, art and culture. Goldenes DachlThe Hofburg, the Triumphal Gate, Ambras Castle, the Leopold Fountain and many other buildings still remind us of the presence of the most important ruling dynasty in European history in Innsbruck.