Das Inntal war natürlich nicht erst mit der der römischen Eroberung besiedeltes Gebiet. Die als wild, räuberisch und barbarisch beschrieben Alpenbewohner wurden von griechischen und römischen Schriftstellern mit dem bis heute in der Forschung recht diffusen Sammelbegriff „Raeter“ tituliert. Sich selbst bezeichneten diese Menschen wahrscheinlich nicht so. Heute versteht die Forschung unter dem Begriff Raeter die Einwohner Tirols, des unteren Engadin und des Trentino, dem Gebiet der Fritzens-Sanzeno Culturenamed after their major archaeological sites. Two-storey houses with stone foundations, similar language idioms, burnt offering sites such as the Goldbühel in Igls and pottery finds point to a common cultural background and economic exchange between the ethnic groups and associations between Vorarlberg, Lake Garda and Istria. Judging by finds, there was also a lively exchange between these Raetians and Celts in the west or Etruscans in the south even before the Roman conquests.

According to Roman interpretation, the Breons, a tribe within the Raetians, lived in the area of today's Innsbruck. This name persisted even after the fall of the Roman Empire until the Bavarian colonisation in the 9th century. Although there were no Breon Popular Frontthe quote from Life of Brian could also have been used in pre-Christian Innsbruck:

"Apart from medicine, sanitation, education, wine, public order, irrigation, roads, water treatment and public health insurance, what, I ask you, have the Romans ever done for us?"

A climatic phenomenon known as Roman climate optimum the area north of the Alps for the first time in history. Roman Empire interesting and accessible via the Alpine crossings. From a strategic point of view, the conquest was overdue anyway. The Roman troops in Gaul in the west and Illyria on the Adriatic in the east were to be connected, invasions by barbarian peoples into northern Italian settlements were to be prevented and routes for trade, travellers and the military were to be expanded and secured. The Inn Valley, an important corridor for troop movements, communication and trade on the outer edge of the Roman economic area, had to be brought under Roman control. The transport route between today's Seefeld Saddle and the Brenner Pass already existed before the Roman conquest, but was not a paved, modern road that met the demands of Roman requirements.

In the year 15 BC, the generals Tiberius and Drusus, both stepsons of Emperor Augustus, conquered the area that is now Innsbruck. Drusus marched from Verona to Trento and then along the Adige River over the Brenner Pass to the area that is now Innsbruck. There, the Roman troops fought against the local Breons. The Roman administration was rolled out under Augustus' successor Tiberius. The military was followed by the administration. Today's Tyrol was divided at the river Ziller. The area east of the Ziller became part of the province of Noricum, Innsbruck hingegen wurde ein Teil der Provinz Raetia et Vindielicia. It stretched from today's central Switzerland with the Gotthard massif in the west to the Alpine foothills north of Lake Constance, the Brenner in the south and the Ziller in the east. The Ziller has remained a border in the division of Tyrol in terms of church law to this day. The area east of the Ziller belongs to the diocese of Salzburg, while Tyrol west of the Ziller belongs to the diocese of Innsbruck.

It is unclear whether the Romans destroyed the settlements and places of worship between Zirl and Wattens during their campaign of conquest. There are also no precise sources on the treatment of the conquered. The Roman troops most likely drew on the expertise of the local population to secure and construct the transport routes. Today we would probably say that important human resources were handled with caution after the takeover.

The soon Via Raetia road slowly but surely replaced the Via Claudia Augustawhich connected Italy and Bavaria via the Reschen Pass and Fern Pass, as the most important transport route across the Alps. In the 3rd century after the turn of the millennium, the Brenner route became the via publica expanded. Just over five metres wide, it ran from Brenner to the Ferrariwiese above Wilten over the Isel mountain to today's Gasthaus Haymon. At intervals of 20 to 40 kilometres there were rest stations with accommodation, restaurants and stables. In Sterzing, on the Brenner Pass, in Matrei and Innsbruck, these Roman Mansiones Villages where Roman culture began to establish itself.

The military camp was accessible via this road network Castell Veldidena in einen Wirtschafts- und Ideenraum von Großbritannien über das Baltikum bis Nordafrika eingebunden. Die Römer brachten viele ihrer Kulturleistungen wie das kaiserliche Münzwesen, Glas- und Ziegelproduktion, die lateinische Sprache, Badhäuser, Thermen, Schulen und Wein mit über den Brenner. Römisches Recht und Verwaltung hielten Einzug. Über den Militärdienst im römischen Heer konnten Menschen sozial aufsteigen. Mit einem kaiserlichen Erlass des Jahres 212 wurden die breonischen Untertanen zu römischen Vollbürgern mit allen damit verbundenen Rechten und Pflichten.

The most important remnant of the Roman Empire after its downfall was the religion and the model of society that was associated with it. After Christianity became the state religion in the 4th century, the Tyrolean region was also proselytised. The saints of Christianity replaced the polytheism. Ancient festivals such as the winter solstice, harvest traditions and the beginning of spring were integrated into the Christian calendar and replaced by Christmas, All Saints' Day and Easter. Legendary figures such as the Saligen Fräulein continued to be worshipped in parallel by devout Christians. The deified Roman emperors were replaced by monarchy and aristocracy. The Christian father of the church, St Paul, in his Letter to the Romans the theological basis for the feudal system that was carried from the church pulpit to the people:

Jedermann sei untertan der Obrigkeit, die Gewalt über ihn hat. Denn es ist keine Obrigkeit außer von Gott; wo aber Obrigkeit ist, ist sie von Gott angeordnet. Darum: Wer sich der Obrigkeit widersetzt, der widerstrebt Gottes Anordnung; die ihr aber widerstreben, werden ihr Urteil empfangen. Denn die Gewalt haben, muss man nicht fürchten wegen guter, sondern wegen böser Werke. Willst du dich aber nicht fürchten vor der Obrigkeit, so tue Gutes, dann wirst du Lob von ihr erhalten. Denn sie ist Gottes Dienerin, dir zugut. Tust du aber Böses, so fürchte dich; denn sie trägt das Schwert nicht umsonst. Sie ist Gottes Dienerin und vollzieht die Strafe an dem, der Böses tut. Darum ist es notwendig, sich unterzuordnen, nicht allein um der Strafe, sondern auch um des Gewissens willen. Deshalb zahlt ihr ja auch Steuer; denn sie sind Gottes Diener, auf diesen Dienst beständig bedacht.

There is hardly anything left of Roman Innsbruck in the cityscape. Exhibits can be admired in the Tyrolean State Museum Ferdinandeum. In various excavation projects, burial sites and remains such as walls, coins, bricks and everyday objects from the Roman period in Innsbruck were found around today's Wilten Abbey. The centre of the Leuthauses next to the monastery dates back to Roman times. One of the Roman milestones of the former main road over the Brenner Pass can be seen in Wiesengasse near the Tivoli Stadium.

Today, Innsbruck is known as a business centre primarily for its university, hospital, administration and tourism. This was not always the case. The first early form of industrialisation began to develop in Innsbruck in the 15th century. Bell and weapon founders such as the Löfflers set up factories in Hötting, Mühlau and Dreiheiligen, which were among the leading factories of their time. Industry not only changed the rules of the social game with the influx of new workers and their families, it also had an impact on the appearance of Innsbruck. The workers, unlike the farmers, were not the subjects of any master. Capital from outside came into the city. Houses and churches were built. The large workshops changed the smell and sound of the city. The smelting works were noisy, the smoke from the furnaces polluted the air.

The second wave of industrialisation came late in Innsbruck compared to other European regions. Members of the lesser nobility invested the money they had received after 1848 as compensation for their land as part of the land relief in industry and business. Farmers without land travelled from the surrounding area to Innsbruck to find work. In 1838, the spinning machine arrived in Pradl over the Arlberg via the Dornbirn company Herrburger & Rhomberg. H&R had acquired a plot of land on the Sillgründe. Thanks to the river's water power, the site was ideal for the heavy machinery used in the textile industry. More than 20 companies used the Sill Canal around 1900, and the noise and exhaust fumes from the engines were hell for the neighbours, as a newspaper article from 1912 shows:

„Entrüstung ruft bei den Bewohnern des nächst dem Hauptbahnhofe gelegenen Stadtteiles der seit einiger Zeit in der hibler´schen Feigenkaffeefabrik aufgestellte Explosionsmotor hervor. Der Lärm, welchen diese Maschine fast den ganzen Tag ununterbrochen verbreitet, stört die ganz Umgebung in der empfindlichsten Weise und muß die umliegenden Wohnungen entwerten. In den am Bahnhofplatze liegenden Hotels sind die früher so gesuchten und beliebten Gartenzimmer kaum mehr zu vermieten. Noch schlimmer als der ruhestörende Lärm aber ist der Qualm und Gestank der neuen Maschine…“

Just like 400 years earlier, the Second Industrial Revolution changed the city forever. Neighbourhoods such as Pradl and Wilten grew rapidly. While the new wealthy business class had villas built in Wilten, Pradl and Saggen and middle-class employees lived in apartment blocks in the same neighbourhoods, the workers were housed in workers' hostels and mass accommodation.

After the revolutionary year of 1848 and the new circumstances, the everyday lives of many Innsbruck residents became even more bourgeois. Innsbruck experienced the kind of gentrification that can be observed today in trendy urban neighbourhoods such as Prenzlauer Berg in Berlin. In one of his texts, the Innsbruck writer Josef Leitgeb tells us how people experienced the urbanisation of the formerly rural area:

„…viel fremdes, billig gekleidetes Volk, in wachsenden Wohnblocks zusammengedrängt, morgens, mittags und abends die Straßen füllend, wenn es zur Arbeit ging oder von ihr kam, aus Werkstätten, Läden, Fabriken, vom Bahndienst, die Gesichter oft blaß und vorzeitig alternd, in Haltung, Sprache und Kleidung nichts Persönliches mehr, sondern ein Allgemeines, massenhaft Wiederholtes und Wiederholbares: städtischer Arbeitsmensch. Bahnhof und Gaswerk erschienen als Kern dieser neuen, unsäglich fremden Landschaft.“

The change from rural life in the village to the city involved more than just a change of location. While the landlord in the countryside was still the master of the private lives of his farmhands and maidservants and was able to determine their lifestyles up to the point of sexuality by releasing them for marriage, they were now at least somewhat freer individually. Beda Weber wrote about this in 1851:

„Their social circles are without constraint, and there is a distinctly metropolitan flavour that is not so easy to find elsewhere in Tyrol."

The hitherto unknown phenomenon of leisure time emerged and, together with disposable income, favoured hobbies for a larger number of people. Clubs of all kinds emerged. Parks such as the English Garden at Ambras Castle were no longer exclusively accessible to the aristocracy, but served as recreational areas for the general public. New green spaces such as Rapoldipark and Waltherpark were created.

The existing rifts between the city and the surrounding area deepened, which can still be seen to this day. Anyone travelling from the university city of Innsbruck to one of the nearby side valleys will find a completely different world. Starting with the spoken dialect, the Stubai Valley, just a few kilometres south of Innsbruck, is very different from the provincial capital, not to mention the more distant side valleys such as the Ötztal in the west or the Zillertal in the east of Tyrol.

After the end of the war, US troops controlled the occupied Tyrol for two months. France, the victorious power, then took over the administration. Initially hostile towards the occupying power - yet another war had been lost - the scepticism of the people of Innsbruck gradually faded. Innsbruck was lucky to have the French under Emile Bethouart as the occupying power, as they were very lenient towards the former enemy and were friendly and open-minded towards the Tyrolean culture and population.

The soldiers were particularly popular with children because of the chocolates and sweets they handed out. Many people got jobs within the French administration. Many a Tyrolean saw dark-skinned people for the first time thanks to the soldiers in uniform. On Emile Bethouart footbridgeThe memorial plaque on the river Inn, which connects St. Nikolaus and the city centre, is a good expression of the relationship between the occupation and the population:

"Arrived as a winner.

Remained as a protector.

Returned home as a friend."

The supply situation was very poor, especially in the city in the immediate post-war period. Many Innsbruck residents travelled to the surrounding villages to hoard. Those who had money paid sometimes utopian prices to the farmers, those who didn't had to beg for food. The situation only changed somewhat with the introduction of food ration stamps.

The housing situation was at least as bad. An estimated 30,000 Innsbruck residents were homeless, living in cramped conditions with relatives or in shanty towns such as the former labour camp in Reichenau, the shanty town for displaced persons from the former German territories of Europe, popularly known as the "Ausländerlager", or the "Ausländerlager". Bocksiedlung. There are few reminders of the disastrous state Innsbruck was in after the air raids of the last years of the war in the first years after the war. Tens of thousands of citizens helped to clear rubble and debris from the streets. Maria-Theresien-Straße, Museumstraße, the Bahnhofsviertel, Wilten and Pradlerstraße would probably have been much more attractive if the holes in the streetscape had not had to be quickly filled in order to create living space for the many homeless and returnees as quickly as possible.

Although many of the buildings erected from the 1950s onwards are not very attractive architecturally, they do house interesting works of art. From 1949 there was a project in Austria Art on the building. In the case of buildings realised by the state, 2% of the total expenditure was to flow into artistic design. The implementation of the building law and thus also the administration of the budgets was then, as now, the responsibility of the federal states. Artists were to be financially supported through these public commissions. The idea first emerged in 1919 during the Weimar Republic and was continued by the National Socialists from 1934.

Österreich griff Kunst am Bau nach dem Krieg auf, um den öffentlichen Raum im Rahmen des Wiederaufbaus zu gestalten. Die öffentliche Hand, die Aristokratie und Bürgertum als Bauträger vergangener Jahrhunderte ablöste, stand unter massivem finanziellem Druck. Trotzdem sollten die vor allem auf Funktion ausgerichteten Wohnbauprojekte nicht ganz schmucklos daherkommen.

Die mit der Gestaltung der Kunstwerke betrauten Tiroler Künstler wurden in ausgeschriebenen Wettbewerben ermittelt. Der bekannteste unter ihnen ist wohl Max Weiler, der vielleicht prominenteste Künstler im Tirol der Nachkriegszeit, der in Innsbruck unter anderem für die Fresken in der Theresienkirche auf der Hungerburg verantwortlich war. Weitere prominente Namen sind Helmut Rehm (1911 – 1991), Walter Honeder (1906 – 2006), Fritz Berger (1916 – 2002) und Emmerich Kerle (1916 – 2010).

Die Biografien der Künstler wurden nicht nur von der Gewerbeschule Innsbruck (Anm.: heutige HTL Trenkwalderstraße) und der Akademie der Bildenden Künste in Wien als häufig gemeinsamem Nenner, sondern auch von der gemeinsamen Erfahrung des Nationalsozialismus geprägt. So hatte Fritz Berger im Krieg seinen rechten Arm und ein Auge verloren und musste lernen, mit der linken Hand zu arbeiten. Emmerich Kerle wurde an der Akademie der Bildenden Künste in Wien unter anderem von Josef Müllner unterrichtet, einem Künstler, der sich mit Büsten Adolf Hitlers, Siegfrieds aus der Nibelungensage und dem bis heute umstrittenen Karl-Lueger-Denkmal in Wien in die Kunstgeschichte eingetragen hatte. Kerle diente in Finnland als Kriegsmaler.

Like a large part of the Tyrolean population, politicians, civil servants and artists wanted peace and quiet after the hard and painful years of war to let the events of the previous decades sink in. The liberation memorial on the square in front of the former Gauhaus on today's Landhausplatz was not ideal for this.

Die im Rahmen von Kunst am Bau entstandenen Werke reflektieren diese Haltung. Es war das erste Mal, dass abstrakte, gestaltlose Kunst Eingang in den öffentlichen Raum Innsbrucks fand, wenn auch nur in unkritischem Rahmen. Märchen, Sagen, religiöse Symbole waren beliebte Motive, die auf den Sgraffitos, Mosaiken, Wandbildern und Statuen verewigt wurden. Noch 1955 betrachtete sich jeder zweite Österreicher als Deutscher. Die Kunst sollte ein neues Bewusstsein und Bild dessen schaffen, was als typisch Österreichischen galt. Die unterschiedlich ausgeführten Motive zeigen Freizeitaktivitäten, Kleidungsstile und Vorstellungen der sozialen Ordnung und gesellschaftlichen Normen der Nachkriegszeit. Frauen wurden häufig in Tracht und Dirndl, Männer in Lederhosen dargestellt. Geschlechterrollen wurden in der Kunst verarbeitet. Fleißig arbeitende Väter, brave Ehefrauen, die sich um Haus und Herd kümmerten und Kinder, die in der Schule eifrig lernen waren das Idealbild bis weit in die 1970er Jahre.

The problem with this strategy of suppression was that no one took responsibility for what had happened, even if there was great enthusiasm and support for National Socialism, especially at the beginning. Shame about what had happened since 1938 and during the years of Austrian politics was mixed with the fear of being treated as a war culprit by the occupying powers USA, Great Britain, France and the USSR in a similar way to 1918. A climate arose in which no one, neither those involved nor the following generation, spoke about what had happened. Trauma and shame prevented people from coming to terms with the past for a long time. There was hardly a family that did not have at least one member with a less than glorious history between 1933 and 1945.

The myth of Austria as the first victim of National Socialism, which only began to slowly crumble with the Waldheim affair in the 1980s, was born. Police officers, teachers, judges - they were all kept in their jobs despite their political views. Society needed them to keep going.

One example with a strong connection to Innsbruck is the life of the doctor Burghard Breitner (1884-1956). He grew up in Mattsee in a well-to-do middle-class household. Villa Breitner was home to a museum dedicated to the German nationalist poet Josef Viktor Scheffel, whom his father greatly admired. After leaving grammar school, Breitner decided against a career in literature in favour of studying medicine. He then decided to do his military service and began his career as a doctor. In 1912/13 he served as a military doctor in the Balkan War. In 1914, he was sent to the Eastern Front, where he was taken prisoner of war by the Russians. It was not until 1920 that he was recognised as a hero and "Angel of Siberia" returned to Austria from the prison camp. In 1932, he began his career at the University of Innsbruck. In 1938, Breitner was faced with the problem that, due to his paternal grandmother's Jewish background, he had to take the "Great Aryan proof" could not provide. However, thanks to his good relationship with the Rector of Innsbruck University and important National Socialists, he was ultimately able to continue working at the university hospital. During the Nazi regime, Breitner was responsible for forced sterilisations and "Voluntary emasculation", even though he probably did not personally carry out any of the operations. After the war, he managed to wriggle through the denazification process with some difficulty. In 1951, he was nominated as a candidate for the federal presidential election by the VDU, a political organisation for former National Socialists. Breitner became Rector of the University of Innsbruck in 1952. After his death, the city of Innsbruck dedicated a grave of honour to him at Innsbruck West Cemetery. In Reichenau, a street is dedicated to him in the immediate vicinity of the site of the former concentration camp.

To this day, National Socialism and the post-war period are hardly a topic in Innsbruck's cityscape. A bronze plaque unveiled in 1972 at the former headquarters of the Gestapo in Herrengasse, Landhausplatz and a memorial in Reichenau on the site of the former labour camp are three of the sparsely populated places of remembrance, whereby Landhausplatz, with the exception of the menorah as a memorial to the November pogroms, is hardly perceived as such.

Whoever browses the Tyrolean Art Register and walks attentively through the city will find many of the still-visible artworks on buildings in Pradl and Wilten. The combination of utterly unremarkable architecture and contemporary artworks from the post-war era—often repressed, yet long idealized and romanticized in films and stories—is worth seeing. Particularly beautiful examples can be found on the facades of Pacherstraße, Hunoldstraße, Ing.-Thommenstraße, Innrain, the Landesberufsschule on Mandelsbergerstraße, or in the courtyard between Landhausplatz and Maria-Theresienstraße.