There were 115 eventful years in Innsbruck's history between the last Count of Andechs and the first Tyrolean sovereign from the House of Habsburg. For around 100 years after the last Count of Andechs, the Counts of Tyrol controlled the destiny of the province and thus to a large extent the city of Innsbruck.

Meinhard II of Tyrol (1239 - 1295) was able to expand his territory with skilful politics and a little luck. From his ancestral castle in Meran, he managed to unite the patchwork of what is now Tyrol into a more unified whole. Meinhard relied on a modern administration. He was assisted by Florentine merchants and bankers, the most modern business consultants in Europe at the time. In order to create a certain degree of legal certainty, he had a codified land law drawn up. For the first time, all properties in Tyrol were standardised and collected in a land register. Meinhard broke the episcopal minting sovereignty and had coins minted with the Tyrolean eagle as the coat of arms, following the Italian model. This curtailed the de facto power of the church. The bishops of Brixen and Trento were still landowners and landlords, but their fiefdoms were only formalised. In 1254, for the first time Land in the mountainsbut from the official Dominium Tirolisthe reign of Tyrol. He found his final resting place in Stams Abbey, where Tyrol's winter sports elite are trained today.

Sein Sohn und Nachfolger als Tiroler Landesfürst, Herzog Heinrich von Kärnten (1265 – 1335), zählte als König von Böhmen zu den wichtigsten Adeligen im Heiligen Römischen Reich. Heinrich war dank seiner Besitzungen in Südosteuropa einer der mächtigsten Fürsten. Er war ein eifriger Förderer der Städte, deren Bedeutung er erkannte. In Innsbruck förderte er den Bau des Bürgerspitals in der Neustadt. Ein männlicher Nachfolger allerdings war ihm nicht beschieden gewesen. Noch vor seinem Tod hatte Heinrich aber sichergestellt, dass seine Tochter Margarethe seine Nachfolge antreten konnte.

His daughter Margarethe of Tyrol-Görz (1318 - 1369) succeeded him as sovereign princess at the age of 17. The young woman thus became entangled in the maelstrom of the most powerful dynasties of her time: Habsburg, Wittelsbach and Luxembourg. She entered into a marriage with two of them, and at the end of her reign she was to bequeath the province of Tyrol, and with it the city of Innsbruck, to the third.

After the death of her father, she was married to Johann Heinrich from the House of Luxembourg, the son of the new King of Bohemia. Johann Heinrich was even younger than his wife and merely served as his father's foot in the door to the Tyrolean princely throne. He was a thorn in the side of the Habsburgs and Wittelsbachs, as well as the local nobility. His regency was a disaster. Strikes broke out at the Hall salt works, which were leased to Florentine financiers and were the centrepiece of the Tyrolean economy alongside the customs duties. Despite the financial problems, the courtly behaviour of Johann Heinrich, who was considered infantile, is said to have been lavish.

Without further ado, he was expelled from the country by the Tyrolean estates in 1341 with the support of Emperor Ludwig, a Wittelsbach, in a coup planned together with Margarethe. Described as beautiful but quick-tempered, domineering and sexually insatiable, Margarethe is said to have been less than enamoured of her childishly weak husband's horizontal performance. He is said to have bitten his wife's nipples during an unsuccessful sexual intercourse. A chronicler of the time who was sympathetic to the emperor spoke of Johann Heinrich's "inpotencia coeundi", probably caused by his youthful immaturity.

This news was skilfully spread throughout the empire to give the emperor the opportunity to appoint his son Louis of Brandenburg as Margaret's husband and thus as prince of the important transit country of Tyrol. The as Tyrolean marriage scandal The coup, which has gone down in history, caused a widespread crisis. Even the philosopher and papal critic William von Ockham, who is still well-known today, commented on it. The problem was not just the divorce in and of itself, but that Margarethe was not divorced from her first husband at the time of her second marriage. The emperor and his supporters considered the marriage between John Henry, who was considered impotent, and Margarethe to be unconsummated and therefore null and void.

The fourth important political power in Central Europe at the time, the Pope, saw things differently. Pope Benedict XII placed a curse on the emperor and his son because of the "unholy" marriage between the Tyrolean princess Margarethe and Ludwig of Wittelsbach. In addition to moral concerns, the Pope also had political reasons for doing so. Both he and the Habsburgs were in military conflict with the Wittelsbach emperor and wanted to weaken the influence of this dynasty.

This Interdictum was one of the harshest punishments for people in the Middle Ages. It forbade the holding of masses and the giving of communion in the country's churches. It was probably during this period that Margaret was nicknamed by the people Maultasch and was described as particularly ugly. There are no contemporary portraits that would indicate a deformed mouth. The images we have of Margarethe Maultasch today date from the late 15th century at the earliest, when the medieval marriage scandal was first historically reworked.

Margaret's reign was characterised by crises for which she was not responsible, but which were nevertheless blamed on her. The 14th century brought global warming, which resulted in a plague of locusts. This also led to crop failures and famines in Tyrol. But that was not all. From 1348 to 1350, Europe was ravaged by the plague. The disease travelled from Venice via Trento and the Adige Valley to Innsbruck. The Black death decimated the population dramatically. In some parts of Tyrol, the population was reduced by more than half. Not only the number of deaths, but also the gruesome way in which the victims died in great pain and physical deformity left an impression on the pious population. There is not much information on the outbreak of the plague in Innsbruck in the archives, but the consequences of the epidemic were devastating, as they were throughout Europe. In her will, an Innsbruck woman who fell ill with the plague spoke of the "common dying that is going on in the country".

People could not explain phenomena such as poor harvests and plague. Many saw the desolation of the country, which was plagued by wars, plague and climate, as a consequence of the papal curse and punishment from God and held Margarethe and her husband Louis responsible. The reasons for illness and misery were in fact probably to be found outside of papal curses and propaganda. Like many cities, Innsbruck had neither paved streets nor a sewage system or drinking water supply. Animals and people shared the cramped space within the city walls. The living conditions were unhygienic.

1350 was the first time the Lower city pool in today's Badgasse. Baths were not only used for cleansing, but medical care was also provided here by bathers according to the standards of the time. Bathers were travelling or local healers who treated the sick, stitched wounds or pulled teeth. The supernatural was considered real, even in medical care. The scientific approach of the few physicians of the time was not necessarily superior to that of the practice-orientated bathers. The prevailing doctrine at universities up until modern times was the Four juices doctrine. According to this theory, there was a balance of blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile in the body. An imbalance of these juices leads to illness. The balance was disturbed by a blasphemous lifestyle, poor diet, excessive sexual activity or miasmas in the air. Water also had a reputation for penetrating through the skin and destroying the Juice ratio in the human body, which is why you should be given a bath after bathing.

After the Wittelsbachs, Luxembourgers and Habsburgs had fought over Tyrol for decades, a happy ending was finally reached. Rudolf IV of the House of Habsburg intervened with the Pope and was able to negotiate the lifting of the interdict in 1359 in exchange for considerable financial compensation at the expense of Margaret and Louis. At the same time, a document is said to have been drawn up that is now considered a forgery: in this document, Margaret bequeathed the land of Tyrol to Rudolf IV and the Habsburg family.

This succession occurred soon afterwards. One year after Margaret's husband and Tyrolean sovereign Ludwig died in 1361, her son Meinhard III also passed away. If Filippo Villani's history is to be believed, although it was not written until around 1400, it is said that Meinhard III, who was already known during her lifetime as Kriemhild Margarethe, who was notorious for her deaths, may not have been innocent of both deaths together with a lover. As the mother of the last prince of the Tyrolean dynasty, Margarethe handed over the reins of government to Rudolf IV (1339 - 1365) of Habsburg in 1363 with the consent of the Tyrolean nobility. Tyrol was part of the dynasty that also ruled over the Archduchy of Austria.

The Dukes of Bavaria from the House of Wittelsbach refused to recognise this inheritance treaty, which declared their claims to Tyrol null and void. In 1363, they moved towards Innsbruck to rectify the law by force of arms. However, Rudolf IV had won over important local nobles to his side. The document confirming the Tyrolean inheritance may not have been genuine, but the real political balance of power favoured the Habsburgs. The citizens of Innsbruck, who were obliged to do military service, were able to successfully defend the city, which was fortified by Andechsburg Castle and the city walls. It may be an irony of fate that it was the Wittelsbach Ludwig who, as Prince of Tyrol, had the city walls raised and reinforced.

With the acquisition of Tyrol, the Habsburg family was able to close an important geographical gap within its sphere of power. By incorporating the city into the much larger territory of the Habsburgs, Innsbruck gained additional importance, while the actual capital of Merano was further marginalised. In addition to the north-south transport of goods, the city on the Inn had now also become a west-east transport hub between the eastern Austrian lands and the Habsburgs' old possessions in the west.

For the survivors of the great plague wave of 1348, there was an economic boom throughout Europe. Labour had become scarce due to the shrinking population, but greater resources were available per capita. For those Innsbruck residents who had survived the turbulent first half of the 14th century, better times were to come.

There are hardly any reminders of Margarethe Maultasch and her husbands in Innsbruck's cityscape, as her time was characterised by political and economic hardship. The wars and the plague almost brought customs revenue to a standstill. There was no money for grand buildings. Innsbruck was also not yet a royal seat.

But she is still alive in memories and legends. Margarethe "Maultasch" is one of the most famous female figures in Tyrolean history. Contradictory reports, motivated by various interests, which were written about her during her lifetime, leave room for interpretation. Her biography is suitable as a blueprint for a character in the TV series Games of Thrones. It is said to have been involved in the defence of Tyrol Castle against an approaching Veneto-Lombard army with "unbroken courage and manly determination“ and „with a small group of soldiers" led the defence and even led an escape attempt from the city. Her opponents, on the other hand, saw her as a man-hungry, insatiable and immoral vamp. Whether she was a ruthless murderer or an innocent pawn of foreign powers - we will probably never know.

Margarethe and her successor on the throne of Prince Rudolf IV of Habsburg are depicted at the fountain on the Rudolf's Fountain immortalised in stone on Boznerplatz, the former Margarethenplatz.

The intelligent, liberal-minded and sensitive Crown Prince Rudolf (1858 - 1889) was regarded as the Favourite of the nations of the Habsburg Empire. In many respects, his life can be read as exemplary for the period between 1848 and the outbreak of the First World War. The struggle between new political ideas and the traditional, the enthusiasm for science, art and culture as well as customs and morals, which also characterised society and everyday life in Innsbruck, are reflected in the figure of Emperor Franz Josef I's son. The vast majority of Innsbruckers did not have the material means or the status of Habsburgs, but the fashions and trends under which they lived were the same.

Seit dem Amtsantritt Franz Josefs I. hatte sich die Donaumonarchie räumlich und sittlich verändert. 1866 war Österreich nach Königgrätz aus dem Deutschen Bund was eliminated. The so-called Compromise with Hungary took place in 1867. The Italian territories, with the exception of Trentino and the port of Trieste, were lost. The endeavours of the individual ethnic groups for national independence did not stop at Tyrol, as the Trentino region between Salurn and Riva on Lake Garda also included an Italian-speaking part of the country. In the Tyrolean provincial parliament, Italian-speaking members of parliament, so-called Irredentistsmore rights and autonomy for what was then South Tyrol. In Innsbruck, there were repeated tensions and clashes between Italian and German-speaking students. The WallschenThis term for Italians persists to this day in Tyrol and they were considered dishonourable, unreliable and lazy.

Rudolf was considered to be very well-read and educated. He was interested in a wide range of subjects, in keeping with the spirit of the educated middle classes. In addition to Greek and Latin, he also spoke French, Hungarian, Czech and Croatian. As a private citizen, he devoted himself to writing press articles, science and travelling through the countries of the monarchy. He organised the publication of of the Kronprinzenwerka natural science encyclopaedia. Volume 13 was published in 1893 and dealt with the crown land of Tyrol.

He was also politically open to new ideas. Rudolf wrote liberal articles in the "Neue Wiener Tagblatt" unter einem Pseudonym. Er wollte unter anderem Grund- und Bodenreformen vorantreiben durch stärkere Besteuerung der Großgrundbesitzer und den einzelnen Nationalitäten des Habsburgerreichs mehr Rechte zugestehen. Besonders im konservativen, ländlichen Tirol und unter Militärs war er sehr unbeliebt. Bei den liberal gesinnten Innsbruckern hingegen galt er als Hoffnung für eine Erneuerung der Monarchie im Sinne eines modernen, föderalen Staates. Der Rudolfsbrunnen in Innsbruck am Boznerplatz erinnert zwar nicht an den Kronprinzen, bei seiner Einweihung war er aber zugegen.

Despite, or perhaps because of his aristocratic background, Rudolf's private life was turbulent, but not atypical of the time, in which parents and teachers were less approachable educators and more distant figures of respect. Children were brought up strictly. Neither teachers nor parents shied away from corporal punishment, even if there were limits, laws and rules for the use of domestic violence. Militarism and a focus on future gainful employment prevented the kind of childhood and youth we know today. Rudolf's early years, when he had to undergo a military education under General Gondrecourt at the request of Emperor Franz Josef, were also less than luxurious. It was only after his mother Elisabeth intervened that harassment such as water cures, drill in the rain and snow and being woken up with pistol shots were removed from the six-year-old crown prince's daily programme.

Wie viele seiner Zeitgenossen fand sich auch Rudolf als Erwachsener in einer unglücklichen, da arrangierten Ehe wieder. Das 19. Jahrhundert war nicht das Zeitalter der Liebesheiraten, auch wenn Romantik und Biedermeierzeit gerne dahingehend gerühmt werden. Aristokraten und Mitglieder des hohen Bürgertums heirateten aus Standesdünkel und mit dem Ziel, die Dynastie zu erhalten. Dienstboten, Hausmädchen, Knechten und Mägden war die Hochzeit lange untersagt. In der Oberschicht waren Ehefrauen nichts weiter als Schmuck ihres Gatten und Oberhaupt des Haushaltes. Erst wenn der oft ältere Ehemann verstorben war, konnten auch Witwen ihr Leben abseits dieser Rolle genießen.

Throughout his life, Rudolf was not averse to the fairer sex outside of marriage. In the last months of his life, Rudolf had an affair with Mary Vetsera, a girl from the rich Hungarian aristocracy who was considered particularly beautiful and was only 17 years old. At this time, he was already suffering from depression, gonorrhoea, alcoholism and morphine addiction. On 30 January 1889, Rudolf met Vetsera after spending the previous night with his long-term lover, the prostitute Maria "Mizzi“ Kaspar, verbracht hatte. Unter nie vollständig geklärten Umständen tötete er zuerst die junge Frau und dann sich selbst mit einem Schuss in den Kopf. Von der Familie Habsburg wurde der Selbstmord nie anerkannt. Zita (1892 – 1989), die Witwe des letzten Kaisers Karl, sprach noch in den 1980ern von einem Mordanschlag. Wie Rudolf hielten es auch viele seiner Untertanen. Zwar konnte sich kaum jemand rühmen, eine ungarische Adelige als Gespielin für sich zu beanspruchen, eine Liebhaberin, so waren die Sitten nicht so, wie es Pfarrer täglich von der Kanzel predigten. Ehemänner tobten sich sexuell bei Affären mit Dienstmädchen, Geliebten und Prostituierten aus.

The discussion surrounding the burial of the heir to the throne and his mistress revealed the Christian morals and double standards of the Habsburg Empire. Suicide was considered a grave sin and actually prevented a Christian burial. Vetsera was buried inconspicuously in a small grave by the cemetery wall in Heiligenkreuz near Mayerling, while Rudolf was given a state funeral after imperial intervention with the Pope and was laid to rest in the Capuchin crypt, probably the most famous burial place of the Habsburgs in Vienna.

Today, Innsbruck's city centre is characterised by buildings and monuments that commemorate the Habsburg family. For many centuries, the Habsburgs were a European ruling dynasty whose sphere of influence included a wide variety of territories. At the zenith of their power, they were the rulers of a "Reich, in dem die Sonne nie untergeht". Through wars and skilful marriage and power politics, they sat at the levers of power between South America and the Ukraine in various eras. Innsbruck was repeatedly the centre of power for this dynasty. The relationship was particularly intense between the 15th and 17th centuries. Due to its strategically favourable location between the Italian cities and German centres such as Augsburg and Regensburg, Innsbruck was given a special place in the empire at the latest after its elevation to the status of a royal seat under Emperor Maximilian. Some of the Habsburg rulers had no special relationship with Tyrol, nor did they have any particular affection for this German land. Ferdinand I (1503 - 1564) was educated at the Spanish court. Maximilian's grandson Charles V had grown up in Burgundy. When he set foot on Spanish soil for the first time at the age of 17 to take over his mother Joan's inheritance of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, he did not speak a word of Spanish. When he was elected German Emperor in 1519, he did not speak a word of German.

Tyrol was a province and, as a conservative region, usually favoured by the ruling family. Its inaccessible location made it the perfect refuge in troubled and crisis-ridden times. Charles V (1500 - 1558) fled during a conflict with the Protestant Schmalkaldischen Bund to Innsbruck for some time. Ferdinand I (1793 - 1875) allowed his family to stay in Innsbruck, far away from the Ottoman threat in eastern Austria. Shortly before his coronation in the turbulent summer of the 1848 revolution, Franz Josef I enjoyed the seclusion of Innsbruck together with his brother Maximilian, who was later shot by insurgent nationalists as Emperor of Mexico. A plaque at the Alpengasthof Heiligwasser above Igls reminds us that the monarch spent the night here as part of his ascent of the Patscherkofel.

Not all Habsburgs were always happy to be in Innsbruck. Married princes and princesses such as Maximilian's second wife Bianca Maria Sforza or Ferdinand II's second wife Anna Caterina Gonzaga were stranded in the harsh, German-speaking mountains after their wedding without being asked. If you also imagine what a move and marriage from Italy to Tyrol to a foreign man meant for a teenager, you can imagine how difficult life was for the princesses. Until the 20th century, children of the aristocracy were primarily brought up to be politically married. There was no opposition to this. One might imagine courtly life to be ostentatious, but privacy was not provided for in all this luxury.

When Sigismund Franz von Habsburg (1630 - 1665) died childless as the last prince of the province, the title of royal seat was also history and Tyrol was ruled by a governor. Tyrolean mining had lost its importance. Shortly afterwards, the Habsburgs lost their possessions in Western Europe along with Spain and Burgundy, moving Innsbruck from the centre to the periphery of the empire. In the Austro-Hungarian monarchy of the 19th century, Innsbruck was the western outpost of a huge empire that stretched as far as today's Ukraine. Franz Josef I (1830 - 1916) ruled over a multi-ethnic empire between 1848 and 1916. However, his neo-absolutist concept of rule was out of date. Although Austria had had a parliament and a constitution since 1867, the emperor regarded this government as "his". Ministers were responsible to the emperor, who was above the government. The ailing empire collapsed in the second half of the 19th century. On 28 October 1918, the Republic of Czechoslovakia was proclaimed, and on 29 October, Croats, Slovenes and Serbs left the monarchy. The last Emperor Charles abdicated on 11 November. On 12 November, "Deutschösterreich zur demokratischen Republik, in der alle Gewalt vom Volke ausgeht“. The chapter of the Habsburgs was over.

Despite all the national, economic and democratic problems that existed in the multi-ethnic states that were subject to the Habsburgs in various compositions and forms, the subsequent nation states were sometimes much less successful in reconciling the interests of minorities and cultural differences within their territories. Since the eastward enlargement of the EU, the Habsburg monarchy has been seen by some well-meaning historians as a pre-modern predecessor of the European Union. Together with the Catholic Church, the Habsburgs shaped the public sphere through architecture, art and culture. Goldenes DachlThe Hofburg, the Triumphal Gate, Ambras Castle, the Leopold Fountain and many other buildings still remind us of the presence of the most important ruling dynasty in European history in Innsbruck.

Many tyroleans see themselves as an own nation. With „Tirol isch lei oans“, „Zu Mantua in Banden“ and „Dem Land Tirol die Treue", the federal state has three more or less official anthems. As in other federal states, there are historical reasons for this pronounced local patriotism. Tyrolean freedom and independence are often invoked as a local shrine to underpin this. It is often referred to as the first democracy in mainland Europe, which is probably an exaggeration considering the feudal and hierarchical history of the country up until the 20th century. However, the country cannot be denied a certain peculiarity in its development, even if it was less about the participation of broad sections of the population and more about the local elites curtailing the power of the sovereign.

The first act was what the Innsbruck historian Otto Stolz (1881 - 1957) in the 1950s exuberantly described, in reference to English history, as the Magna Charta Libertatum celebrated. After the marriage of the Bavarian Ludwig von Wittelsbach to the Tyrolean princess Margarete von Tirol-Görz, the Bavarian Wittelsbachs were rulers of Tyrol for a short time. In order to win over the Tyrolean population to his side, Ludwig decided to offer the provincial estates a treat in the 14th century. In the Großen Freiheitsbrief of 1342, Louis promised the Tyroleans that he would not enact any laws or tax increases without first consulting the provincial estates. However, there can be no question of a democratic constitution as understood in the 21st century, as these provincial estates were primarily the aristocratic, landowning classes, who represented their interests accordingly. Although one copy of the document mentioned the inclusion of peasants as a class in the Diet, this version never became official.

Als im 15. Jahrhundert Städte und Bürgertum durch ihre wirtschaftliche Bedeutung mehr politisches Gewicht erlangten, entwickelte sich ein Gegengewicht zum Adel innerhalb der Landstände. Beim Landtag von 1423 unter Friedrich IV. trafen erstmals 18 Mitglieder des Adels auf 18 Mitglieder der Städte und der Bauernschaft. Nach und nach entwickelte sich in den Landtagen des 15. und 16. Jahrhundert eine feste Zusammensetzung. Vertreten waren die Tiroler Bischöfe von Brixen und Trient, die Äbte der Tiroler Klöster, der Adel, Vertreter der Städte und der Bauernschaft. Den Vorsitz hatte der Landeshauptmann. Natürlich waren die Beschlüsse und Wünsche des Landtags für den Fürsten nicht bindend, allerdings war es für den Regenten wohl ein beruhigendes Gefühl, wenn er die Vertreter der Bevölkerung auf seiner Seite wusste oder schwere Entscheidungen mitgetragen wurden. 

Another important document for the country was the Tiroler Landlibell. In 1511, Maximilian stipulated, among other things, that Tyrolean soldiers should only be called up for military service in defence of their own country. The reason for Maximilian's generosity was less his love for the Tyroleans than the need to keep the Tyrolean mines running instead of burning out the precious labourers and the peasantry that supplied them on the battlefields of Europe. The fact that in Landlibell At the same time, massive restrictions on the population and higher costs are often forgotten.

Dieses Tiroler Sonderrecht bei der Landesverteidigung war einer der Gründe für die Erhebung von 1809, als junge Tiroler bei der Mobilisierung der Streitkräfte im Rahmen der allgemeinen Wehrpflicht ausgehoben wurden. Bis heute prägen die Napoleonischen Kriege, als das katholische Kronland von den „gottlosen Franzosen“ und der revolutionären Gesellschaftsordnung bedroht wurde, das Tiroler Selbstverständnis. Bei diesem Abwehrkampf entstand ein Bund zwischen Katholizismus und Tirol. Die Tiroler Schützen vertrauten ihr Schicksal vor einer entscheidenden Schlacht im Kampf gegen Napoleons Armeen im Juni 1796 dem Herzen Jesu an und schlossen einen Bund mit Gott persönlich, der ihr Heiliges Land Tirol behüten sollte. Eine weitere identitätsstiftende Legende des Jahres 1796 rankt sich um eine junge Frau aus dem Dorf Spinges. Katharina Lanz, die als die Jungfrau von Spinges in die Landesgeschichte als identitätsstiftende Nationalheldin einging, soll die beinahe geschlagenen Tiroler Truppen mit ihrem herrischen Auftreten im Kampf solcherart motiviert haben, dass sie schlussendlich den Sieg über die französische Übermacht davontragen konnten. Je nach Darstellung soll sie mit einer Mistgabel, einem Dreschflegel oder einer Sense ähnlich der französischen Jungfrau Johanna von Orleans den Truppen Napoleons das Fürchten gelehrt haben. Legenden und Traditionen rund um die Schützen und das Gefühl, eine selbstständige und von Gott auserwählte Nation zu sein, die zufällig der Republik Österreich angehängt wurde, gehen auf diese Legenden zurück.

Die partikularen Identitäten der einzelnen Kronländer entsprachen nicht dem, was sich aufgeklärte Politik unter einem modernen Staatswesen vorstellten. Unter Maria Theresia erfuhr der Zentralstaat eine Stärkung gegenüber den Kronländern und dem lokalen Adel. Das Zugehörigkeitsgefühl der Untertanen sollte nicht dem Land Tirol, sondern dem Haus Habsburg gelten. Im 19. Jahrhundert wollte man die Identifikation mit der Monarchie stärken und ein Nationalbewusstsein entwickeln. Die Presse, Besuche der Herrscherfamilie, Denkmäler wie der Rudolfsbrunnen oder die Eröffnung des Berg Isels mit Hofer als kaisertreuem Tiroler sollten dabei helfen, die Bevölkerung in kaisertreue Untertanen zu verwandeln.

When the Habsburg Empire collapsed after the First World War, the crown land of Tyrol also broke up. What had been known as South Tyrol until 1918, the Italian-speaking part of the province between Riva on Lake Garda and Salurn in the Adige Valley, became Trentino with Trento as its capital. The German-speaking part of the province between Neumarkt and the Brenner Pass is now South Tyrol / Alto Adige, an autonomous region of the Republic of Italy with the capital Bolzano.

Throughout the centuries, Innsbruckers have felt themselves to be Tyroleans, Germans, Catholics and subjects of the emperor. Before 1945, however, hardly anyone felt Austrian. It was only after the Second World War that a sense of belonging to Austria slowly began to develop in Tyrol. To this day, however, many Tyroleans are proud of their local identity and like to distinguish themselves from the inhabitants of other federal states and countries. For many Tyroleans, after more than 100 years, the Brenner Pass still represents a Injustice limit even if the Europa der Regionen cooperates politically across borders at EU level.

The legend of the Holy Landthe independent Tyrolean nation and first mainland democracy persists to this day. The fact that the historic crown land of Tyrol was a multi-ethnic construct with Italians, Ladins, Cimbri and Rhaeto-Romans is often overlooked in right-wing circles. Laws from the federal capital of Vienna or even the EU in Brussels are still viewed with scepticism today. Nationalists on both sides of the Brenner Pass still make use of the Jungfrau von Spingesthe heart of Jesus and Andreas Hofer, to publicise their concerns. The Säcularfeier des Bundes Tirols mit dem göttlichen Herzen Jesu was still celebrated in the 20th century with great participation from the political elite. The bon mot "bisch a Tiroler bisch a Mensch, bisch koana, bisch a Oasch" summarises Tyrolean nationalism succinctly.

The caesura of the First World War not only changed Innsbruck economically and socially, but also gave the city a new appearance. The visual arts reinvented themselves after the horrors of war. The classicism of the turn of the century was the architecture of a bourgeoisie that had tried to imitate the nobility. After the war, many citizens blamed this aristocracy for the horrors on the battlefields of Europe. Even before the war, sport and the phenomenon of leisure had become the expression of a new bourgeois self-image in contrast to the old order determined by the aristocracy. From now on, buildings and infrastructure were to serve every citizen equally. Aristocratic virtues and interest in classical antiquity had lost their lustre within a very short space of time.

The architects of the post-war period wanted to distinguish themselves from previous generations in terms of appearance, while at the same time maximising the functionality of the buildings. The end of the monarchy is reflected in the simplicity of the architecture. Lois Welzenbacher wrote about the architectural aberrations of this period in an article in the magazine Tiroler Hochland in 1920:

"As far as we can judge today, it is clear that the 19th century lacked the strength to create its own distinct style. It is the age of stillness... Thus details were reproduced with historical accuracy, mostly without any particular meaning or purpose, and without a harmonious overall picture that would have arisen from factual or artistic necessity."

Neue Formen der Gestaltung wie der Bauhausstil aus Weimar, Hochhäuser aus den USA und die Sowjetische Moderne aus der revolutionären UdSSR hielten Einzug in Design, Bauwesen und Handwerk. Die bekanntesten Tiroler Vertreter dieser neuen Art und Weise die Gestaltung des öffentlichen Raumes waren Siegfried Mazagg, Theodor Prachensky, Clemens Holzmeister und Lois Welzenbacher. Jeder dieser Architekten hatte seine Eigenheiten, wodurch die Tiroler Moderne nur schwer eindeutig zu definieren ist. Mit Bauwerken wie dem Elektrizitätswerk Innsbruck in der Salurnerstraße oder dem Adambräu beim Bahnhof entstanden markante Gebäude, nicht nur in ungeahnter Höhe, sondern auch in einem komplett neuen Stil. Bei aller Begeisterung für den Aufbruch in neue Zeiten spielte auch eine Gedankenströmung mit, die für uns Nachgeborene problematisch ist. Der Futurismus von Filippo Tommaso Marinetti übte nicht nur auf den italienischen Faschismus, sondern auch auf viele Vertreter der Kunst und Architektur der Moderne eine große Anziehungskraft aus.

Der bekannteste und im Innsbrucker Stadtbild am eindrücklichsten bis heute sichtbare Vertreter der sogenannten Tiroler Moderne war Franz Baumann (1892 – 1974). Baumann kam 1892 als Sohn eines Postbeamten in Innsbruck zur Welt. Der Theologe, Publizist und Kriegspropagandist Anton Müllner alias Bruder Willram wurde auf das zeichnerische Talent von Franz Baumann aufmerksam und ermöglichte dem jungen Mann mit 14 Jahren den Besuch der Staatsgewerbeschule, der heutigen HTL. Hier lernte er seinen späteren Schwager Theodor Prachensky kennen. Gemeinsam mit Baumanns Schwester Maria waren die beiden jungen Männer auf Ausflügen in der Gegend rund um Innsbruck unterwegs, um Bilder der Bergwelt und Natur zu malen. Während der Schulzeit sammelte er erste Berufserfahrungen als Maurer bei der Baufirma Huter & Söhne, die in Innsbruck für Großprojekte wie das Kloster zur Ewigen Anbetung oder die Kirche St. Nikolaus zuständig waren. 1910 folgte Baumann seinem Freund Prachensky nach Meran, um bei der Firma Musch & Lun zu arbeiten. Meran war damals Tirols wichtigster Tourismusort mit internationalen Kurgästen. Die vorrangigen Stile waren Jugendstil und Historismus. Unter dem Architekten Adalbert Erlebach machte er erste Erfahrungen bei der Planung von Großprojekten wie Hotels und Seilbahnen.

Like the majority of his generation, the First World War tore Baumann from his professional and everyday life. On the Italian front, he was shot in the stomach while fighting, from which he recovered in a military hospital in Prague. During this otherwise idle time, he painted cityscapes of buildings in and around Prague. These pictures, which would later help him to visualise his plans, were presented in his only exhibition in 1919.

After returning home from the war, Baumann worked at Grissemann & Walch and completed his professional qualification. Unlike Holzmeister or Welzenbacher, he had no academic training. In his spare time, he regularly took part in public tenders for public projects.

His big breakthrough came in the second half of the 1920s. Baumann was able to win the tenders for the remodelling of the Weinhaus Happ in the old town and the Nordkettenbahn railway. In addition to his creativity and ability to think holistically, he was also able to harmonise his approach with the legal situation and the requirements of the tenders of the 1920s. According to the federal constitution of the Republic of Austria, construction was a state matter. Since the previous year, the Tyrolean Heritage Protection Association gemeinsam mit der Bezirkshauptmannschaft als letztentscheidende Behörde bei Bauprojekten für Bewertung und Genehmigung zuständig. Kunibert Zimmeter hatte den Verein bereits 1908 gemeinsam mit Gotthard Graf Trapp gegründet. Zimmeter schrieb in seinem Buch „Unser Tirol. Ein Heimatschutzbuch“:

"Let us look at the flattening of our private lives, our amusements, at the centre of which, significantly, is the cinema, at the literary ephemera of our newspaper reading, at the hopeless and costly excesses of fashion in the field of women's clothing, let us take a look at our homes with the miserable factory furniture and all the dreadful products of our so-called gallantry goods industry, Things that thousands of people work to produce, creating worthless bric-a-brac in the process, or let us look at our apartment blocks and villas with their cement façades simulating palaces, countless superfluous towers and gables, our hotels with their pompous façades, what a waste of the people's wealth, what an abundance of tastelessness we must find there."

Natur und Ortsbilder sollten von allzu modischen Strömungen, überbordendem Tourismus und hässlichen Industriebauten geschützt werden. Bauprojekte sollten sich harmonisch, ansehnlich und zweckdienlich in die Umwelt eingliedern. Architekten mussten trotz der gesellschaftlichen und künstlerischen Neuerungen der Zeit den regionaltypischen Charakter mitdenken.

Nach dem ersten Weltkrieg entstand eine neue Kunden- und Gästeschicht, die neue Anforderungen an Gebäude und somit an das Baugewerbe richtete. In vielen Tiroler Dörfern hatten Hotels die Kirchen als größtes Bauwerk im Ortsbild abgelöst. Bergdörfer wie Igls, Seefeld oder St. Anton wurden vom Tourismus komplett umgestaltet, in Innsbruck entstand mit der Hungerburg ein neuer Stadtteil. Die aristokratische Distanz zur Bergwelt war einer bürgerlichen Sportbegeisterung gewichen. Das bedurfte neuer Lösungen in neuen Höhen. Man baute keine Grandhotels mehr auf 1500 m für den Kururlaub, sondern eine komplette Infrastruktur für Skisportler im hochalpinen Gelände wie der Nordkette. In seiner Zeit in Meran war Baumann schon mit dem Heimatschutzverband in Berührung gekommen. Genau hier lagen die Stärken seines Ansatzes des ganzheitlichen Bauens im Tiroler Sinne. Alle technischen Funktionen und Details, die Einbettung der Gebäude in die Landschaft unter Berücksichtigung der Topografie und des Sonnenlichtes spielten für ihn, der offiziell den Titel Architekt gar nicht führen durfte, eine Rolle. Er folgte damit den „Rules for those who build in the mountains" by the architect Adolf Loos from 1913:

Don't build picturesquely. Leave such effects to the walls, the mountains and the sun. The man who dresses picturesquely is not picturesque, but a buffoon. The farmer does not dress picturesquely. But he is...

Pay attention to the forms in which the farmer builds. For they are ancestral wisdom, congealed substance. But seek out the reason for the mould. If advances in technology have made it possible to improve the mould, then this improvement should always be used. The flail will be replaced by the threshing machine."

Baumann designed even the smallest details, from the exterior lighting to the furniture, and integrated them into his overall concept of the Tiroler Moderne in.

From 1927, Baumann worked independently in his studio in Schöpfstraße in Wilten. He repeatedly came into contact with his brother-in-law and employee of the building authority, Theodor Prachensky. From 1929, the two of them worked together to design the building for the new Hötting secondary school on Fürstenweg. Although boys and girls were still to be planned separately in the traditional way, the building was otherwise completely in keeping with the New Objectivity style in terms of form and furnishings, based on the principle of light, air and sun. In 1935 he managed the project Hörtnaglsiedlung in the west of the city.

In his heyday, he employed 14 people in his office. Thanks to his modern approach, which combined function, aesthetics and economical construction, he survived the economic crisis well. The 1,000-mark freeze that Hitler imposed on Austria in 1934 in order to put the Republic in financial difficulties heralded the slow decline of his architectural practice. Not only did the unemployment rate in tourism triple within a very short space of time, but the construction industry also ran into difficulties.

In 1935, Baumann became the shooting star of the Tyrolean architecture scene and was appointed head of the Central Association of Architects after he was finally allowed to use this professional title with a special licence. After the Anschluss in 1938, he quickly joined the NSDAP. On the one hand, he was probably not averse to the ideas of National Socialism, but on the other he was able to further his career as chairman of the Reich Chamber of Fine Arts in Tyrol. In this position, he courageously opposed the destructive furore with which those in power wanted to change Innsbruck's cityscape, which did not correspond to his idea of urban planning. The mayor of Innsbruck, Egon Denz, wanted to remove the Triumphal Gate and St Anne's Column in order to make more room for traffic in Maria-Theresienstraße. The city centre was still a transit area from the Brenner Pass in the south to reach the main road to the east and west on today's Innrain. At the request of Gauleiter Franz Hofer, a statue of Adolf Hitler as a German herald was to be erected in place of St Anne's Column. Hofer also wanted to have the church towers of the collegiate church blown up. Baumann's opinion on these plans was negative. When the matter made it to Albert Speer's desk, he agreed with him. From this point onwards, Baumann was no longer awarded any public projects by Gauleiter Hofer.

After being questioned as part of the denazification process, Baumann began working at the city building authority, probably on the recommendation of his brother-in-law Prachensky. Baumann was fully exonerated, among other things by a statement from the Abbot of Wilten, but his reputation as an architect could no longer be repaired. Moreover, his studio in Schöpfstraße had been destroyed by a bomb in 1944. In his post-war career, he was responsible for the renovation of buildings damaged by the war. Under his leadership, Boznerplatz with the Rudolfsbrunnen fountain was rebuilt as well as Burggraben and the new Stadtsäle (Note: today House of Music).

Franz Baumann died in 1974 and his paintings, sketches and drawings are highly sought-after and highly traded. The diverse public and private buildings and projects of the ever-smoking architect still characterise Innsbruck today.