Dank der Universität schnupperte Innsbruck schon im 18. Jahrhundert in der Ära Maria Theresias die Morgenluft der Aufklärung, wenn auch schaumgebremst von der jesuitischen Fakultätsleitung. 1741 gründete sich mit der Societas Academica Litteraria im Taxispalais ein Gelehrtenzirkel. 1777 begründete sich die Freimaurerlosge Zu den drei Bergen, vier Jahre später die Tirolische Gesellschaft für Künste und Wissenschaft. Angestachelt von der Französischen Revolution bekannten sich einige Studenten gar zu den Jakobinern. Unter Kaiser Franz wurden all diese Vereinigungen nach der Kriegserklärung an Frankreich 1794 aber verboten und streng überwacht.

Nach den Napoleonischen Kriegen begann Innsbruck sich zu erholen. Die kleine Stadt am Rande des Kaiserreiches hatte etwas mehr als 12.000 Einwohner, „ohne die Soldaten, Studenten und Fremden zu rechnen“. University, grammar school, Reading casinomusic club, theatre and museum testified to a certain urban culture. There was a Deutsches Kaffeehaus, eine Restauration im Hofgarten und mehrere Gasthöfe wie den Österreichischen Hofwhich Grape, das Mouthingeach of which Goldenen Adler, Stern und Hirsch. 

The Bavarian occupation had disappeared after 1815, but the ideas of the thinkers of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution had taken root in some people's minds. Students, civil servants, members of the lower nobility and academics met in pubs and coffee houses to exchange modern ideas.

Antiquity and its thinkers celebrated a second renaissance in Innsbruck, as in the whole of Europe. Romantic thinkers of the 18th and early 19th centuries such as Winckelmann, Lessing and Hegel were influential. The Greeks were "Noble simplicity and quiet greatness" attested. Goethe wanted the "Search the land of the Greeks with your soul" and travelled to Italy in search of his longing for the good, pre-Christian times in which the people of the Golden Age cultivated an informal relationship with their gods. Roman virtues were transported into the modern age as role models and formed the basis for bourgeois frugality and patriotism, which became very fashionable. Philologists combed through the texts of ancient writers and philosophers and conveyed a pleasing "Best of" into the 19th century. Students and intellectuals such as the Briton Lord Byron were so taken by Panhellenism that they risked their lives in the Greek struggle for independence against the Ottoman Empire. Columns, sphinxes, busts and statues with classical proportions adorned palaces, administrative buildings and museums such as the Ferdinandeum.

Chancellor Clemens von Metternich's (1773 - 1859) police state kept these social movements under control for a long time. Liberal ideas, newspapers, pamphlets, writings, books and associations were under the general suspicion of the authorities. Magazines and journals had to adapt or be distributed underground in order not to fall victim to censorship.

Writers such as Hermann von Gilm (1812 - 1864) and Johann Senn (1792 - 1857), both of whom are commemorated by streets in Innsbruck today, anonymously disseminated politically motivated literature and writings in Tyrol. The mix of Greater German nationalist ideas and Tyrolean patriotism presented with the pathos of Romanticism seems rather strange, harmless and pathetic today, but was neither comfortable nor acceptable to the Metternich state apparatus, even if it was only recognised by a tiny elite. All kinds of associations such as die Innsbrucker Liedertafel and student fraternities, even the members of the Ferdinandeum were strictly monitored. Despite their demonstrative loyalty to the emperor, the Schützen were also on the list of institutions to be monitored. They were considered too rebellious, not only towards foreign powers, but also towards the Viennese central government. The labour force was also targeted by Metternich's secret police. St Nicholas and Hötting in particular were regarded as "rote Pflaster" known.

All das waren aber Randphänomene, die nur eine kleine Anzahl an wohlhabenden Menschen beschäftigte. Nachdem die Bergwerke und Salinen im 17. Jahrhundert ihre Rentabilität verloren hatten und auch der Transit ob der neuen Handelsrouten über den Atlantik an wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung verlor, war Tirol zu einem armen Landstrich geworden. Die Napoleonischen Kriege hatten über 20 Jahre lang gewütet. Die Universität, die junge Aristokraten in den Wirtschaftskreislauf der Stadt zog, wurde erst 1826 wieder eröffnet. Anders als Industriestandorte in Böhmen, Mähren, Preußen oder England war die schwer erreichbare Stadt in den Alpen erst am Anfang der Entwicklung hin zu einem modernen Arbeitsmarkt. Auch der Tourismus steckte noch in den Kinderschuhen und war keine Cash Cow.

Und dann war da noch ein Vulkan am anderen Ende der Welt, der die Geschicke der Stadt Innsbruck über Gebühr beeinflusste. 1815 war in Indonesien der Tambora ausgebrochen und hatte eine riesige Staub-, Schwefel- und Aschewolke um die Welt geschickt. 1816 ging als Year without summer into history. All over Europe, there were freak weather conditions, floods and failed harvests. The economic upheavals and price rises led to hardship and misery, especially among the poorer sections of the population.

Nicht nur die Politik wurde von der Aufklärung erfasst. Auch im Sozialwesen ging der Trend weg von der Kirche, hin zum Staat. Die Armenfürsorge war im 19. Jahrhundert eine Aufgabe der Gemeinden, für gewöhnlich mit der Unterstützung wohlhabender Bürger, die als christliche Mäzen im Gedanken der Nächstenliebe Aristokratie und Kirche in dieser Rolle ergänzten. In Innsbruck trat eine Bettelordnung in Kraft, die besitzlosen Menschen ein Eheverbot auferlegte. Knapp 1000 Bürger waren als Almosenbezieher und Bettler klassifiziert. Als die Not immer größer wurde und die Stadtkassen leerer, kam es in Innsbruck zu einer Innovation, die für über 100 Jahre Bestand haben sollte: Die Neujahrs-Entschuldigungskarte.

Even back then, it was customary to visit your relatives on the first day of the year to give each other a Happy New Year to make a wish. It was also customary for needy families and beggars to knock on the doors of wealthy citizens to ask for alms at New Year. The introduction of the New Year's relief card killed several birds with one stone. The buyers of the card were able to institutionalise and support their poorer members in a regulated way, similar to the way street newspapers are bought today. Twenty is possible. At the same time, the New Year's apology card served as a way of avoiding the unpopular obligatory visits to relatives. Those who hung the card on their front door also signalled to those in need that no further requests for alms were necessary, as they had already paid their contribution. Last but not least, the noble donors were also favourably mentioned in the media so that everyone could see how much they cared for their less fortunate fellow human beings in the name of charity.

The New Year's apology cards were a complete success. At their premiere at the turn of the year from 1819 to 1820, 600 were sold. Many communities adopted the Innsbruck recipe. In the magazine "The Imperial and Royal Privileged Bothe of and for Tyrol and Vorarlberg", the proceeds for Bruneck, Bozen, Trient, Rovereto, Schwaz, Imst, Bregenz and Innsbruck were published on 12 February. Other institutions such as fire brigades and associations also adopted the well-functioning custom to raise funds for their cause. The diverse designs ranged from Christian motifs to portraits of well-known personalities, official buildings, new buildings, sights and curiosities. Many of the designs can still be seen in the Innsbruck City Archives.

Maria Theresa is one of the most important figures in Austrian history. Although she is often referred to as Empress, she was officially "only" Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Hungary and Queen of Bohemia. Her domestic reforms were significant. Together with her advisors Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz, Joseph von Sonnenfels and Wenzel Anton Kaunitz, she managed to emerge from the so-called Österreichischen Erblanden to create a modern state. Instead of the administration of its territories by the local nobility, it favoured a modern administration. The welfare of her subjects became more important. In the style of the Enlightenment, her advisors had recognised that the welfare of the state depended on the health and education of its individual parts. Subjects were to be Catholic, but their loyalty was to be to the state. School education was placed under centralised state administration. No critical, humanistic intellectuals were to be educated, but rather material for the state administrative apparatus. Non-nobles could now also rise to higher state positions via the military and administration.

A rethink took place in law enforcement and the judiciary. In 1747, a kleine Polizei which was responsible for matters relating to market supervision, trade regulations, tourist control and public decency. The penal code Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana did not abolish torture, but it did regulate its use.

Economic reforms were intended not only to create more opportunities for the subjects, but also to increase state revenue. Weights and measures were nominated to make the tax system more impermeable. For citizens and peasants, the standardisation of laws had the advantage that life was less dependent on landlords and their whims. The RobotThis was abolished under Maria Theresa.

As much as Maria Theresa staged herself as a pious mother of the country and is known today as an Enlightenment figure, the strict Catholic ruler was not squeamish when it came to questions of power and religion. In keeping with the trend of the Enlightenment, she had superstitions such as vampirism, which was widespread in the eastern parts of her empire, critically analysed and initiated the final end to witch trials. At the same time, however, she mercilessly expelled Protestants from the country. Many Tyroleans were forced to leave their homeland and settle in parts of the Habsburg Empire further away from the centre.

In crown lands such as Tyrol, Maria Theresa's reforms met with little favour. With the exception of a few liberals, they saw themselves more as an independent and autonomous province and less as part of a modern territorial state. The clergy also did not like the new, subordinate role, which became even more pronounced under Joseph II. For the local nobility, the reforms not only meant a loss of importance and autonomy, but also higher taxes and duties. Taxes, levies and customs duties, which had always provided the city of Innsbruck with reliable income, were now collected centrally and only partially refunded via financial equalisation. In order to minimise the fall of sons from impoverished aristocratic families and train them for civil service, Maria Theresa founded the Theresianumwhich also had a branch in Innsbruck from 1775.

As is so often the case, time has ironed out many a wrinkle and the people of Innsbruck are now proud to have been home to one of the most important rulers in Austrian history. Today, the Triumphpfote and the Hofburg in Innsbruck are the main reminders of the Theresian era.

The period between the French Revolution and the Battle of Königgrätz in 1866 was a period of war. The monarchies of Europe, led by the Habsburgs, had declared war on the French Republic. Fears were rife that the motto of the Revolution "Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité" could spread across Europe. A young general named Napoleon Bonaparte was with his italienischen Armee advanced across the Alps as part of the coalition wars and met the Austrian troops there. It was not just a war for territory and power, it was a battle of systems. The Grande Armee of the revolutionary French Republic met the arch-Catholic Habsburgs.

Tyrolean riflemen were involved in the fighting to defend the country's borders against the invading French. Companies such as the Höttinger Schützen, founded in 1796, faced the most advanced and best army in the world at the time. The Cult of the Sacred Heart, which still enjoys great popularity in Tyrol today, dates back to this time. In a hopeless situation, the Tyrolean troops renewed their covenant with the heart of Jesus to ask for protection. It was the abbot of Stams Monastery who petitioned the provincial estates to henceforth organise an annual "das Fest des göttlichen Herzens Jesu mit feierlichem Gottesdienst zu begehen, wenn Tirol von der drohenden Feindesgefahr befreit werde." Every year, the Sacred Heart celebrations were discussed and announced with great pomp in the press. Particularly in the 19th and early 20th centuries, they were an explosive mixture of popular superstition, Catholicism and national resentment against everything French and Italian. Alongside Cranach's Mother of Mercy, the depiction of the heart of Jesus is probably the most popular Christian motif in the Tyrolean region to this day and is emblazoned on the façades of countless houses.

In the war years of 1848, 1859 and 1866, the so-called Italian wars of unification. In the course of the 19th century, at the latest since 1848, there was a veritable national frenzy among young men. Volunteer armies sprang up in all regions of Europe. Students and academics who came together in their associations, gymnasts, marksmen, all wanted to prove their new love of the nation on the battlefield and supported the official armies. Probably the most famous battle of the Wars of unification took place in Solferino near Lake Garda in 1859. Horrified by the bloody events, Henry Durant decided to found the Red Cross. The writer Joseph Roth described the events in the first pages of his classic book, which is well worth reading Radetzkymarsch.

"In the battle of Solferino, he (note: Lieutenant Trotta) commanded a platoon as an infantry lieutenant. The battle had been going on for half an hour. Three paces in front of him he saw the white backs of his soldiers. The first row of his platoon was kneeling, the second was standing. Everyone was cheerful and certain of victory. They had eaten copiously and drunk brandy at the expense and in honour of the emperor, who had been in the field since yesterday. Here and there one fell out of line."

As a garrison town, Innsbruck was an important supply centre. After the Congress of Vienna, the Tyrolean Jägerkorps the k.k. Tiroler Kaiserjägerregiment an elite unit that was deployed in these conflicts. Volunteer units such as the Innsbruck academics or the Stubai Riflemen were fighting in Italy. The media fuelled the atmosphere away from the front line. The "Innsbrucker Zeitung" predigte in ihren Artikeln Kaisertreue und großdeutsch-tirolischen Nationalismus, wetterte gegen das Italienertum und Franzosen und pries den Mut Tiroler Soldaten.

"Die starke Besetzung der Höhen am Ausgange des Valsugana bei Primolano und le Tezze gab schon oft den Innsbrucker-Akademikern I. und den Stubaiern Anlaß, freiwillige Ercur:sionen gegen le Tezze, Fonzago und Fastro, als auch auf das rechte Brenta-Ufer und den Höhen gegen die kleinen Lager von den Sette comuni zu machen...Am 19. schon haben die Stubaier einige Feinde niedergestreckt, als sie sich das erste mal hinunterwagten, indem sie sich ihnen entgegenschlichen..."

The year 1866 was particularly costly for the Austrian Empire, with the loss of Veneto and Lombardy in Italy. At the same time, Prussia took the lead in the German Confederation, the successor organisation to the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. For Innsbruck, the withdrawal of the Habsburg Monarchy from the German Confederation meant that it had finally become a city on the western periphery of the empire. The tendency towards so-called Großdeutschen Lösung, also einer Staatlichkeit mit dem Deutschen Reich gemeinsam anstatt dem alleinstehenden Kaisertum Österreich, war in Innsbruck stärker ausgeprägt als im restlichen Land. Wie sehr diese Deutsche Frage die Stadt spaltete, zeigte sich noch über 30 Jahre später, als der Innsbrucker Gemeinderat dem Eisernen Kanzler Bismarck, der für den Bruderkrieg zwischen Österreich und Deutschland federführend verantwortlich war, eine Straße widmen wollte. Während sich kaisertreue Konservative entsetzt ob dieses Vorschlages zeigten, waren die großdeutschen Liberalen rund um Bürgermeister Wilhelm Greil begeistert ob dieser Geste der Vereinigung.

Die nationalen Bestrebungen der einzelnen Volksgruppen machten aber nicht nur ideell vor Tirol nicht halt, gehörte mit dem Trentino zwischen Salurn und Riva am Gardasee doch auch ein italienischsprachiger Teil zum Land. Im Tiroler Landtag forderten italienischsprachige Abgeordnete, sogenannte Irredentistsmore rights and autonomy for what was then South Tyrol. In Innsbruck, there were repeated tensions and clashes between Italian and German-speaking students. The WallschenThis term for Italians persists to this day and they were considered dishonourable, unreliable and lazy.

With the Tummelplatz, the Pradl military cemetery and the Kaiserjägermuseum on Mount Isel, Innsbruck has several places of remembrance of this time of great loss for the Habsburgs.

Beinahe hätte nicht Gavrilo Princip, sondern ein Innsbrucker Student die Geschicke der Welt verändert. Es ist dem Zufall zu verdanken, dass der 20 Jahre alte Serbe im Jahr 1913 gestoppt wurde, weil er mit dem geplanten Attentat auf den Thronfolger vor einer Kellnerin prahlte. Erst als es tatsächlich zu den die Welt verändernden Schüssen in Sarajevo kam, erschien ein Artikel in den Medien dazu. Welche Auswirkungen der daraufhin ausgebrochene Erste Weltkrieg auf die Welt und den Alltag der Menschen haben sollte, war nach dem tatsächlichen Attentat auf Franz Ferdinand am 28. Juni nicht absehbar. Zwei Tage nach der Ermordung des Habsburgers in Sarajewo war aber in den Innsbrucker Nachrichten bereits prophetisches zu lesen: „Wir sind an einem Wendepunkte – vielleicht an dem Wendepunkte“ – der Geschicke dieses Reiches angelangt".

Enthusiasm for the war in 1914 was also high in Innsbruck. From the "Gott, Kaiser und Vaterland“ der Zeit angetrieben, begrüßten die Menschen den Angriff auf Serbien zum allergrößten Teil einhellig. Politiker, Klerus und Presse stimmten in den allgemeinen Jubel mit ein. Neben dem kaiserlichen Appell „An meine Völker“, der in allen Medien des Reiches erschien, druckten die Innsbrucker Nachrichten am 29. Juli, dem Tag nach der Kriegserklärung Österreich-Ungarns an Serbien einen Artikel rund um die Einnahme Belgrads durch Prinz Eugen im Jahr 1717. Der Ton in den Medien war feierlich, wenn auch nicht ganz ohne böse Vorahnung auf das, was kommen sollte.

„Der Appell des Kaisers an seine Völker wird tief ergreifen. Der innere Hader ist verstummt und die Spekulationen unserer Feinde aus Unruhen und ähnliche Dinge sind jämmerlich zu Schanden geworden. In alter und vielbewährter Treue stehen vor allem auch diesmal die Deutschen zu Kaiser und Reich: auch diesmal bereit, mit ihrem Blute für Dynastie und Vaterland einzustehen. Wir gehen schweren Tagen entgegen; niemand kann auch nur ahnen, was uns das Schicksal bescheiden wird, was es Europa, was es der Welt bescheiden wird. Wir können nur mit unserem alten Kaiser auf unsere Kraft und auf Gott vertrauen und die Zuversicht hegen, daß, wenn wir einig find und zusammenhalten, uns der Sieg beschieden sein muß, denn wir wollten den Krieg nicht und unsere Sache ist die der Gerechtigkeit!“

Besonders „verdient“ machten sich bei der Kriegstreiberei Theologen wie Joseph Seeber (1856 – 1919) und Anton Müllner alias Bruder Willram (1870 - 1919) who, with her sermons and writings such as "Das blutige Jahr" elevated the war to a crusade against France and Italy.

Many Innsbruckers volunteered for the campaign against Serbia, which was thought to be a matter of a few weeks or months. Such a large number of volunteers came from outside the city to join the military commissions that Innsbruck was almost bursting at the seams. Nobody could have guessed how different things would turn out. Even after the first battles in distant Galicia, it was clear that it would not be a matter of months.

In 1915, the Kingdom of Italy entered the war on the side of France and England. This meant that the front went right through what was then Tyrol. From the Ortler in the west across northern Lake Garda to the Sextener Dolomiten the battles of the mountain war took place. Innsbruck was not directly affected by the fighting. However, the war could at least be heard as far as the provincial capital, as was reported in the newspaper of 7 July 1915:

„Bald nach Beginn der Feindseligkeiten der Italiener konnte man in der Gegend der Serlesspitze deutlich Kanonendonner wahrnehmen, der von einem der Kampfplätze im Süden Tirols kam, wahrscheinlich von der Vielgereuter Hochebene. In den letzten Tagen ist nun in Innsbruck selbst und im Nordosten der Stadt unzweifelhaft der Schall von Geschützdonner festgestellt worden, einzelne starke Schläge, die dumpf, nicht rollend und tönend über den Brenner herüberklangen. Eine Täuschung ist ausgeschlossen. In Innsbruck selbst ist der Donner der Kanonen schwerer festzustellen, weil hier der Lärm zu groß ist, es wurde aber doch einmal abends ungefähr um 9 Uhr, als einigermaßen Ruhe herrschte, dieser unzweifelhafte von unseren Mörsern herrührender Donner gehört.“

Until the transfer of regular troops from the eastern front to the Tyrolean borders, the national defence depended on the Standschützen, a troop consisting of men under 21, over 42 or unfit for regular military service.

The front was relatively far away from Innsbruck, but the war penetrated civilian life. This experience of the total involvement of society as a whole was new to the people. Barracks were erected in the Höttinger Au to house prisoners of war. Transports of wounded brought such a large number of horribly injured people that many civilian buildings such as the university library, which was currently under construction, or Ambras Castle were converted into military hospitals. The Pradl military cemetery was established to cope with the large number of fallen soldiers. A predecessor to tram line 3 was set up to transport the wounded from the railway station to the new garrison hospital, today's Conrad barracks in Pradl. The population in Innsbruck suffered from shortages, especially in the last winter, which was known as the Hunger winter went down in European history. In the final years of the war, food was supplied via ration coupons. 500 g of meat, 60 g of butter and 2 kg of potatoes were the basic diet per person - per week, mind you. Archive photos show the long queues of desperate and hungry people outside the food shops.

In October 1918, the first air raid alert was sounded, but no damage was done. At this time, most people were already aware that the war was lost and what fate awaited Tyrol, as this article from 6 October 1918 shows:

 „Aeußere und innere Feinde würfeln heute um das Land Andreas Hofers. Der letzte Wurf ist noch grausamer; schändlicher ist noch nie ein freies Land geschachert worden. Das Blut unserer Väter, Söhne und Brüder ist umsonst geflossen, wenn dieser schändliche Plan Wirklichkeit werden soll. Der letzte Wurf ist noch nicht getan. Darum auf Tiroler, zum Tiroler Volkstag in Brixen am 13. Oktober 1918 (nächsten Sonntag). Deutscher Boden muß deutsch bleiben, Tiroler Boden muß tirolisch bleiben. Tiroler entscheidet selbst über Eure Zukunft!“

On 4 November, Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Italy finally agreed an armistice. This gave the Allies the right to occupy areas of the monarchy. The very next day, Bavarian troops entered Innsbruck. Austria's ally Germany was still at war with Italy and was afraid that the front could be moved closer to the German Reich in North Tyrol. Fortunately for Innsbruck and the surrounding area, however, Germany also surrendered a week later on 11 November. This meant that the major battles between regular armies did not take place.

Nevertheless, Innsbruck was in danger. Huge columns of military vehicles, trains full of soldiers and thousands of emaciated soldiers making their way home from the front on foot passed through the city. The city not only had to keep its own citizens in check and guarantee rations, but also protect itself from looting. In order to maintain public order, defence groups were formed from schoolchildren, students, workers and citizens. On 23 November 1918, Italian troops occupied the city and the surrounding area. Mayor Greil's appeasement to the people of Innsbruck to hand over the city without rioting was successful. Although there were isolated riots, hunger riots and looting, there were no armed clashes with the occupying troops or even a Bolshevik revolution as in Munich.

Erinnerungsorte an den Ersten Weltkrieg und die Gefallenen finden sich in Innsbruck vor allem an Kirchen und Friedhöfen. Das Kaiserjägermuseum am Berg Isel zeigt Uniformen, Waffen und Bilder des Schlachtgeschehens. Den beiden Theologen Anton Müllner und Josef Seeber sind in Innsbruck Straßennamen gewidmet. Auch nach dem Oberbefehlshaber der k.u.k Armee an der Südfront, Erzherzog Eugen, wurde eine Straße benannt. Vor dem Hofgarten befindet sich ein Denkmal für den erfolglosen Feldherren. An die italienische Besatzung erinnert der östliche Teil des Amraser Militärfriedhofs.

Innsbruck hatte sich von einem römischen Castell nach Hunderten von Jahren zu einer Stadt entwickelt. Mit dieser rechtlichen Anerkennung durch den Landesfürsten gingen Rechte und Pflichten einher: Marktrecht, Baurecht, Zollrecht und eine eigene Gerichtsbarkeit gingen auf die Stadt über. Die Einhaltung der religiösen Ordnung wurde ebenfalls von der Stadt überwacht. „Ketzer“ und Querdenker wurden nicht von der Kirche, sondern der Stadtregierung gemaßregelt und im Fall der Fälle auch in den Kerker verfrachtet. Die Stadtbürger unterlagen nicht mehr direkt dem Landesfürsten oder einem Grundherren, sondern der städtischen Gerichtsbarkeit, zumindest innerhalb der Stadtmauern. Das geflügelte Wort "Stadtluft macht frei" rührt daher, dass man nach einem Jahr in der Stadt von allen Verbindlichkeiten seines ehemaligen Grundherrn frei war und frei über seinen Besitz und die Lebensführung verfügen konnte.

In return, the citizens had to take the oath of citizenship. This civic oath included the payment of taxes and the military defence of the city. From 1511, according to Emperor Maximilian's Landlibell, the city council was also obliged to provide a contingent of conscripts for the defence of the country. In addition to this, there were volunteers who Freifähnlein For example, during the Turkish siege of Vienna in 1529, Innsbruckers were among the city's defenders.

Innsbruck had a completely different social composition to the neighbouring villages. Craftsmen, merchants, civil servants and court servants characterised everyday life. Unlike farmers, craftsmen belonged to the mobile classes in the Middle Ages and early modern times. After their apprenticeship, they went to the Walzbefore taking the master craftsman's examination and either returning home or settling in another city. Craftsmen not only transferred knowledge, they also spread cultural, social and political ideas across Europe. The craft guilds sometimes exercised their own jurisdiction alongside the municipal jurisdiction among their members. They were social structures within the city structure that had a great influence on politics. Wages, prices and social life were regulated by the guilds under the supervision of the sovereign. One could speak of an early social partnership, as the guilds also provided social security for their members in the event of illness or occupational disability. Individual trades such as locksmiths, tanners, platers, carpenters, bakers, butchers and blacksmiths each had their own guild, headed by a master craftsman.

In the 15th century, space became tight in the rapidly growing city of Innsbruck. Only free subjects born in wedlock were able to obtain city rights. In order to become a citizen, one had to either own a house or demonstrate skills in a trade in which the city's guilds were interested. The dispute over who is a "real" Innsbrucker and who is not continues to this day. The fact that migration and exchange with others have always guaranteed prosperity and made Innsbruck the liveable city it is today is often forgotten.

Ab dem 14. Jahrhundert besaß Innsbruck nachweisbar einen Stadtrat, den sogenannten Gemain, und einen Bürgermeister, der von der Bürgerschaft jährlich gewählt wurde. Es waren keine geheimen, sondern öffentliche Wahlen, die alljährlich rund um die Weihnachtszeit abgehalten wurden. Im Innsbrucker Geschichtsalmanach von 1948 findet man Aufzeichnungen über die Wahl des Jahres 1598.

The Feast of St. Erhard, i.e., January 8th, played a significant role in the lives of the citizens of Innsbruck each year. On this day, they gathered to elect the city officials, namely the mayor, city judge, public orator, and the twelve-member council. A detailed account of the election process between 1598 and 1607 is provided by a protocol preserved in the city archive: "... The ringing of the great bell summoned the council and the citizenry to the town hall, and once the honorable council and the entire community were assembled at the town hall, the honorable council first convened in the council chamber and heard the farewell of the outgoing mayor of the previous year, Augustin Tauscher."

The mayor represented the city vis-à-vis the other estates and the sovereign, who exercised overlordship over the city to a greater or lesser extent depending on the era. Each city councillor had their own clearly assigned tasks to fulfil, such as the supervision of market law, the care of the hospital and poor relief or the customs regulations, which were particularly important for Innsbruck. In all these political processes, one should always remember that Innsbruck had around 5,000 inhabitants in the 16th century, only a small proportion of whom had citizenship. The dispossessed, travellers, unemployed, servants, diplomats, employees, women and students were not entitled to vote. Voting was a privilege of the male upper class.

Ab dem 14. Jahrhundert mussten die Steuern, die von den Bürgern gezahlt wurden, nicht mehr an den Landesfürsten weitergegeben werden. Es gab eine fixe Abgabe von der Stadt an den Landesfürsten. Welche Gruppe innerhalb der Stadt welche Steuer zu bezahlen hatte, konnte die Stadtregierung selbst festlegen. Die Differenz zwischen den Einnahmen und den Ausgaben durfte die Stadt nach ihrem Gutdünken verwalten. Zu den Ausgaben neben der Verteidigung gehörte die Kranken- und Armenfürsorge. Notleidende Bürger konnten in der „Boiling kitchen“ Speisen beziehen, so sie das Bürgerrecht hatten. Besondere Beachtung schenkte die Stadtregierung ansteckenden Krankheiten wie der Pest.

In addition to taxes, customs duties were an important source of income for Innsbruck. Customs duties were levied at the city gate at the Inn bridge. There were two types of customs duty. The small duty was based on the number of draught animals in the wagon, the large duty on the type and quantity of goods. The customs revenue was shared between Innsbruck and Hall. Hall had the task of maintaining the Inn bridge.

Contrary to popular belief, the Middle Ages were not a lawless time of arbitrariness. In Innsbruck, as in the province of Tyrol, there was a code that regulated right and wrong as well as the rights and duties of citizens very precisely. If you include the rules for trade, customs duties, the exercise of professions by guilds, price fixing by the magistrate and criminal law, pre-modern and early modern coexistence was even more strictly regulated than it is today. These regulations changed according to the customs of the time. The medieval court days were organised at the "Dingstätte" is held outdoors. The tradition of the Thing goes back to the old Germanic Thing, bei dem sich alle freien Männer versammelten, um Recht zu sprechen. Der Stadtrat bestellte einen Richter, der für alle Vergehen zuständig war, die nicht dem Blutgericht unterlagen. Ihm zur Seite stand ein Kollegium aus mehreren Geschworenen. Strafen reichten von Geldbußen über Pranger und Kerker.

The penal system also included less humane methods than are common today, but torture was not used indiscriminately and arbitrarily. However, torture was also regulated as part of the procedure in particularly serious cases. Until the 17th century, suspects and criminals in Innsbruck were Kräuterturm an der südöstlichen Ecke der Stadtmauer, am heutigen Herzog-Otto-Ufer, festgehalten und traktiert. Sowohl Verhandlung wie auch Strafverbüßung waren öffentliche Prozesse. Dem Stadtturm stand das Narrenhäusel, ein Käfig, in den Menschen eingesperrt und zur Schau gestellt wurden. Auf dem hölzernen Schandesel wurde man bei kleineren Vergehen durch die Stadt gezogen. Der Pranger stand in der Vorstadt, der heutigen Maria-Theresien-Straße. Eine Polizei gab es nicht, der Stadtrichter beschäftigte aber Knechte und an den Stadttoren waren Stadtwächter aufgestellt, um für Ruhe zu sorgen. Es war Bürgerpflicht, bei der Erfassung von Verbrechern mitzuhelfen. Selbstjustiz war verboten.

The responsibilities between municipal and manorial justice had been regulated in the Urbarbuch since 1288. The provincial court still had jurisdiction over serious offences. Crimes such as theft, murder and arson were subject to this blood law. The provincial court for all municipalities south of the Inn between Ampass and Götzens was located on the Sonnenburgwhich was located to the south above Innsbruck. In the 14th century, the Sonnenburg district court moved to the upper town square in front of the Innsbruck city tower, later to the town hall and in the early modern period to Götzens. With the centralisation of the law in the 18th century, the court moved to Götzens. Sonnenburg back to Innsbruck and was housed under different names and in different buildings such as the Leuthaus in Wilten, on the Innrain or at the Ettnau residence, known as the Malfatti Castlein the Höttinger Gasse.

From the late 15th century, Innsbruck's executioner was centralised and responsible for several courts and was based in Hall. The execution centres were located in several places over the years. For a long time, there was a gallows on a hill in today's Dreiheiligen district, right next to the main road. The Köpflplatz was located until 1731 at today's corner of Fallbachgasse / Weiherburggasse in Anpruggen. It was not uncommon for the condemned man to give his executioner a kind of tip so that he would endeavour to aim as accurately as possible in order to make the execution as painless as possible. Delinquents who were particularly harmful to the authorities and public order, such as the "heretic" Jakob Hutter or the captured leaders of the peasant uprisings of 1525 and 1526, were executed before the executioner. Goldenen Dachl executed in a manner suitable for the public. "Embarrassing" punishments such as quartering or wheeling, from the Latin word poena were not the order of the day, but could be ordered in special cases. Executions were a public demonstration of the authorities' power. It was seen as a way of cleansing society of criminals. The bodies of the executed were often left hanging as a deterrent and buried outside the consecrated area of the cemeteries.

Mit der Zentralisierung des Rechts unter Maria Theresia und Josef II im 18. und dem Allgemeinen Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch im 19. Jahrhundert unter Franz I. ging das Recht von Städten und Landesfürsten an den Monarchen und deren Verwaltungsorgane auf verschiedenen Ebenen über. Die Folter wurde abgeschafft. Die Aufklärung hatte die Vorstellung von Recht, Strafe und Resozialisierung grundlegend verändert. Auch die Einhebung von Steuern wurde zentralisiert, was einen großen Bedeutungsverlust des lokalen Adels und eine Aufwertung der Beamtenschaft zur Folge hatte. Mit der zunehmenden Zentralisierung unter Maria Theresia und Josef II. wurden auch Steuern und Zölle nach und nach zentralisiert und von der Reichshofkammer eingehoben. Innsbruck verlor dadurch, wie viele Kommunen in dieser Zeit, Einnahmen in großer Höhe, die nur bedingt über Ausgleiche aufgefangen wurden. Auch die Stadtverwaltung wurde 1784 modernisiert. Anstelle des alten Stadtrats mit Gemein regierte nun ein von einem Rat, vor allem aber von Beamten unterstützter Bürgermeister. Dieser Magistrat bestand aus besoldeten Experten, die zwar immer noch vorwiegend dem Kleinadel unterstanden, nun aber Prüfungen für die Ausübung ihres Amtes ablegen mussten. Während der Bürgermeisterposten zeitlich begrenzt war, kamen Beamte in den Genuss einer lebenslangen, unkündbaren Stellung.