Innsbruck hatte sich von einem römischen Castell nach Hunderten von Jahren zu einer Stadt entwickelt. Mit dieser rechtlichen Anerkennung durch den Landesfürsten gingen Rechte und Pflichten einher: Marktrecht, Baurecht, Zollrecht und eine eigene Gerichtsbarkeit gingen auf die Stadt über. Die Einhaltung der religiösen Ordnung wurde ebenfalls von der Stadt überwacht. „Ketzer“ und Querdenker wurden nicht von der Kirche, sondern der Stadtregierung gemaßregelt und im Fall der Fälle auch in den Kerker verfrachtet. Die Stadtbürger unterlagen nicht mehr direkt dem Landesfürsten oder einem Grundherren, sondern der städtischen Gerichtsbarkeit, zumindest innerhalb der Stadtmauern. Das geflügelte Wort "Stadtluft macht frei" rührt daher, dass man nach einem Jahr in der Stadt von allen Verbindlichkeiten seines ehemaligen Grundherrn frei war und frei über seinen Besitz und die Lebensführung verfügen konnte.

In return, the citizens had to take the oath of citizenship. This civic oath included the payment of taxes and the military defence of the city. From 1511, according to Emperor Maximilian's Landlibell, the city council was also obliged to provide a contingent of conscripts for the defence of the country. In addition to this, there were volunteers who Freifähnlein For example, during the Turkish siege of Vienna in 1529, Innsbruckers were among the city's defenders.

Innsbruck had a completely different social composition to the neighbouring villages. Craftsmen, merchants, civil servants and court servants characterised everyday life. Unlike farmers, craftsmen belonged to the mobile classes in the Middle Ages and early modern times. After their apprenticeship, they went to the Walzbefore taking the master craftsman's examination and either returning home or settling in another city. Craftsmen not only transferred knowledge, they also spread cultural, social and political ideas across Europe. The craft guilds sometimes exercised their own jurisdiction alongside the municipal jurisdiction among their members. They were social structures within the city structure that had a great influence on politics. Wages, prices and social life were regulated by the guilds under the supervision of the sovereign. One could speak of an early social partnership, as the guilds also provided social security for their members in the event of illness or occupational disability. Individual trades such as locksmiths, tanners, platers, carpenters, bakers, butchers and blacksmiths each had their own guild, headed by a master craftsman.

In the 15th century, space became tight in the rapidly growing city of Innsbruck. Only free subjects born in wedlock were able to obtain city rights. In order to become a citizen, one had to either own a house or demonstrate skills in a trade in which the city's guilds were interested. The dispute over who is a "real" Innsbrucker and who is not continues to this day. The fact that migration and exchange with others have always guaranteed prosperity and made Innsbruck the liveable city it is today is often forgotten.

Ab dem 14. Jahrhundert besaß Innsbruck nachweisbar einen Stadtrat, den sogenannten Gemain, und einen Bürgermeister, der von der Bürgerschaft jährlich gewählt wurde. Es waren keine geheimen, sondern öffentliche Wahlen, die alljährlich rund um die Weihnachtszeit abgehalten wurden. Im Innsbrucker Geschichtsalmanach von 1948 findet man Aufzeichnungen über die Wahl des Jahres 1598.

The Feast of St. Erhard, i.e., January 8th, played a significant role in the lives of the citizens of Innsbruck each year. On this day, they gathered to elect the city officials, namely the mayor, city judge, public orator, and the twelve-member council. A detailed account of the election process between 1598 and 1607 is provided by a protocol preserved in the city archive: "... The ringing of the great bell summoned the council and the citizenry to the town hall, and once the honorable council and the entire community were assembled at the town hall, the honorable council first convened in the council chamber and heard the farewell of the outgoing mayor of the previous year, Augustin Tauscher."

The mayor represented the city vis-à-vis the other estates and the sovereign, who exercised overlordship over the city to a greater or lesser extent depending on the era. Each city councillor had their own clearly assigned tasks to fulfil, such as the supervision of market law, the care of the hospital and poor relief or the customs regulations, which were particularly important for Innsbruck. In all these political processes, one should always remember that Innsbruck had around 5,000 inhabitants in the 16th century, only a small proportion of whom had citizenship. The dispossessed, travellers, unemployed, servants, diplomats, employees, women and students were not entitled to vote. Voting was a privilege of the male upper class.

Ab dem 14. Jahrhundert mussten die Steuern, die von den Bürgern gezahlt wurden, nicht mehr an den Landesfürsten weitergegeben werden. Es gab eine fixe Abgabe von der Stadt an den Landesfürsten. Welche Gruppe innerhalb der Stadt welche Steuer zu bezahlen hatte, konnte die Stadtregierung selbst festlegen. Die Differenz zwischen den Einnahmen und den Ausgaben durfte die Stadt nach ihrem Gutdünken verwalten. Zu den Ausgaben neben der Verteidigung gehörte die Kranken- und Armenfürsorge. Notleidende Bürger konnten in der „Boiling kitchen“ Speisen beziehen, so sie das Bürgerrecht hatten. Besondere Beachtung schenkte die Stadtregierung ansteckenden Krankheiten wie der Pest.

In addition to taxes, customs duties were an important source of income for Innsbruck. Customs duties were levied at the city gate at the Inn bridge. There were two types of customs duty. The small duty was based on the number of draught animals in the wagon, the large duty on the type and quantity of goods. The customs revenue was shared between Innsbruck and Hall. Hall had the task of maintaining the Inn bridge.

Contrary to popular belief, the Middle Ages were not a lawless time of arbitrariness. In Innsbruck, as in the province of Tyrol, there was a code that regulated right and wrong as well as the rights and duties of citizens very precisely. If you include the rules for trade, customs duties, the exercise of professions by guilds, price fixing by the magistrate and criminal law, pre-modern and early modern coexistence was even more strictly regulated than it is today. These regulations changed according to the customs of the time. The medieval court days were organised at the "Dingstätte" is held outdoors. The tradition of the Thing goes back to the old Germanic Thing, bei dem sich alle freien Männer versammelten, um Recht zu sprechen. Der Stadtrat bestellte einen Richter, der für alle Vergehen zuständig war, die nicht dem Blutgericht unterlagen. Ihm zur Seite stand ein Kollegium aus mehreren Geschworenen. Strafen reichten von Geldbußen über Pranger und Kerker.

The penal system also included less humane methods than are common today, but torture was not used indiscriminately and arbitrarily. However, torture was also regulated as part of the procedure in particularly serious cases. Until the 17th century, suspects and criminals in Innsbruck were Kräuterturm an der südöstlichen Ecke der Stadtmauer, am heutigen Herzog-Otto-Ufer, festgehalten und traktiert. Sowohl Verhandlung wie auch Strafverbüßung waren öffentliche Prozesse. Dem Stadtturm stand das Narrenhäusel, ein Käfig, in den Menschen eingesperrt und zur Schau gestellt wurden. Auf dem hölzernen Schandesel wurde man bei kleineren Vergehen durch die Stadt gezogen. Der Pranger stand in der Vorstadt, der heutigen Maria-Theresien-Straße. Eine Polizei gab es nicht, der Stadtrichter beschäftigte aber Knechte und an den Stadttoren waren Stadtwächter aufgestellt, um für Ruhe zu sorgen. Es war Bürgerpflicht, bei der Erfassung von Verbrechern mitzuhelfen. Selbstjustiz war verboten.

The responsibilities between municipal and manorial justice had been regulated in the Urbarbuch since 1288. The provincial court still had jurisdiction over serious offences. Crimes such as theft, murder and arson were subject to this blood law. The provincial court for all municipalities south of the Inn between Ampass and Götzens was located on the Sonnenburgwhich was located to the south above Innsbruck. In the 14th century, the Sonnenburg district court moved to the upper town square in front of the Innsbruck city tower, later to the town hall and in the early modern period to Götzens. With the centralisation of the law in the 18th century, the court moved to Götzens. Sonnenburg back to Innsbruck and was housed under different names and in different buildings such as the Leuthaus in Wilten, on the Innrain or at the Ettnau residence, known as the Malfatti Castlein the Höttinger Gasse.

From the late 15th century, Innsbruck's executioner was centralised and responsible for several courts and was based in Hall. The execution centres were located in several places over the years. For a long time, there was a gallows on a hill in today's Dreiheiligen district, right next to the main road. The Köpflplatz was located until 1731 at today's corner of Fallbachgasse / Weiherburggasse in Anpruggen. It was not uncommon for the condemned man to give his executioner a kind of tip so that he would endeavour to aim as accurately as possible in order to make the execution as painless as possible. Delinquents who were particularly harmful to the authorities and public order, such as the "heretic" Jakob Hutter or the captured leaders of the peasant uprisings of 1525 and 1526, were executed before the executioner. Goldenen Dachl executed in a manner suitable for the public. "Embarrassing" punishments such as quartering or wheeling, from the Latin word poena were not the order of the day, but could be ordered in special cases. Executions were a public demonstration of the authorities' power. It was seen as a way of cleansing society of criminals. The bodies of the executed were often left hanging as a deterrent and buried outside the consecrated area of the cemeteries.

Mit der Zentralisierung des Rechts unter Maria Theresia und Josef II im 18. und dem Allgemeinen Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch im 19. Jahrhundert unter Franz I. ging das Recht von Städten und Landesfürsten an den Monarchen und deren Verwaltungsorgane auf verschiedenen Ebenen über. Die Folter wurde abgeschafft. Die Aufklärung hatte die Vorstellung von Recht, Strafe und Resozialisierung grundlegend verändert. Auch die Einhebung von Steuern wurde zentralisiert, was einen großen Bedeutungsverlust des lokalen Adels und eine Aufwertung der Beamtenschaft zur Folge hatte. Mit der zunehmenden Zentralisierung unter Maria Theresia und Josef II. wurden auch Steuern und Zölle nach und nach zentralisiert und von der Reichshofkammer eingehoben. Innsbruck verlor dadurch, wie viele Kommunen in dieser Zeit, Einnahmen in großer Höhe, die nur bedingt über Ausgleiche aufgefangen wurden. Auch die Stadtverwaltung wurde 1784 modernisiert. Anstelle des alten Stadtrats mit Gemein regierte nun ein von einem Rat, vor allem aber von Beamten unterstützter Bürgermeister. Dieser Magistrat bestand aus besoldeten Experten, die zwar immer noch vorwiegend dem Kleinadel unterstanden, nun aber Prüfungen für die Ausübung ihres Amtes ablegen mussten. Während der Bürgermeisterposten zeitlich begrenzt war, kamen Beamte in den Genuss einer lebenslangen, unkündbaren Stellung.